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Learn what truly sets the UC Riverside MBA apart and how it helps in your professional growth
16 Jul 2019, 03:50
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Official CAT 2018 RC Passage; Section: VARC
When researchers at Emory University in Atlanta trained mice to fear the smell of almonds (by pairing it with electric shocks), they found, to their consternation, that both the children and grandchildren of these mice were spontaneously afraid of the same smell. That is not supposed to happen. Generations of schoolchildren have been taught that the inheritance of acquired characteristics is impossible. A mouse should not be born with something its parents have learned during their lifetimes, any more than a mouse that loses its tail in an accident should give birth to tailless mice. . . .
Modern evolutionary biology dates back to a synthesis that emerged around the 1940s-60s, which married Charles Darwin‘s mechanism of natural selection with Gregor Mendel‘s discoveries of how genes are inherited. The traditional, and still dominant, view is that adaptations – from the human brain to the peacock‘s tail – are fully and satisfactorily explained by natural selection (and subsequent inheritance). Yet [new evidence] from genomics, epigenetics and developmental biology [indicates] that evolution is more complex than we once assumed. . . .
In his book On Human Nature (1978), the evolutionary biologist Edward O Wilson claimed that human culture is held on a genetic leash. The metaphor [needs revision]. . . . Imagine a dog-walker (the genes) struggling to retain control of a brawny mastiff (human culture). The pair‘s trajectory (the pathway of evolution) reflects the outcome of the struggle. Now imagine the same dog-walker struggling with multiple dogs, on leashes of varied lengths, with each dog tugging in different directions. All these tugs represent the influence of developmental factors, including epigenetics, antibodies and hormones passed on by parents, as well as the ecological legacies and culture they bequeath. . . .
The received wisdom is that parental experiences can‘t affect the characters of their offspring. Except they do. The way that genes are expressed to produce an organism‘s phenotype – the actual characteristics it ends up with – is affected by chemicals that attach to them. Everything from diet to air pollution to parental behaviour can influence the addition or removal of these chemical marks, which switches genes on or off. Usually these so-called ̳epigenetic‘ attachments are removed during the production of sperm and eggs cells, but it turns out that some escape the resetting process and are passed on to the next generation, along with the genes. This is known as ̳epigenetic inheritance‘, and more and more studies are confirming that it really happens. Let‘s return to the almond-fearing mice. The inheritance of an epigenetic mark transmitted in the sperm is what led the mice‘s offspring to acquire an inherited fear. . . .
Epigenetics is only part of the story. Through culture and society, [humans and other animals] inherit knowledge and skills acquired by [their] parents. . . . All this complexity . . . points to an evolutionary process in which genomes (over hundreds to thousands of generations), epigenetic modifications and inherited cultural factors (over several, perhaps tens or hundreds of generations), and parental effects (over single-generation timespans) collectively inform how organisms adapt. These extra-genetic kinds of inheritance give organisms the flexibility to make rapid adjustments to environmental challenges, dragging genetic change in their wake – much like a rowdy pack of dogs.
Modern evolutionary biology dates back to a synthesis that emerged around the 1940s-60s, which married Charles Darwin‘s mechanism of natural selection with Gregor Mendel‘s discoveries of how genes are inherited. The traditional, and still dominant, view is that adaptations – from the human brain to the peacock‘s tail – are fully and satisfactorily explained by natural selection (and subsequent inheritance). Yet [new evidence] from genomics, epigenetics and developmental biology [indicates] that evolution is more complex than we once assumed. . . .
In his book On Human Nature (1978), the evolutionary biologist Edward O Wilson claimed that human culture is held on a genetic leash. The metaphor [needs revision]. . . . Imagine a dog-walker (the genes) struggling to retain control of a brawny mastiff (human culture). The pair‘s trajectory (the pathway of evolution) reflects the outcome of the struggle. Now imagine the same dog-walker struggling with multiple dogs, on leashes of varied lengths, with each dog tugging in different directions. All these tugs represent the influence of developmental factors, including epigenetics, antibodies and hormones passed on by parents, as well as the ecological legacies and culture they bequeath. . . .
The received wisdom is that parental experiences can‘t affect the characters of their offspring. Except they do. The way that genes are expressed to produce an organism‘s phenotype – the actual characteristics it ends up with – is affected by chemicals that attach to them. Everything from diet to air pollution to parental behaviour can influence the addition or removal of these chemical marks, which switches genes on or off. Usually these so-called ̳epigenetic‘ attachments are removed during the production of sperm and eggs cells, but it turns out that some escape the resetting process and are passed on to the next generation, along with the genes. This is known as ̳epigenetic inheritance‘, and more and more studies are confirming that it really happens. Let‘s return to the almond-fearing mice. The inheritance of an epigenetic mark transmitted in the sperm is what led the mice‘s offspring to acquire an inherited fear. . . .
Epigenetics is only part of the story. Through culture and society, [humans and other animals] inherit knowledge and skills acquired by [their] parents. . . . All this complexity . . . points to an evolutionary process in which genomes (over hundreds to thousands of generations), epigenetic modifications and inherited cultural factors (over several, perhaps tens or hundreds of generations), and parental effects (over single-generation timespans) collectively inform how organisms adapt. These extra-genetic kinds of inheritance give organisms the flexibility to make rapid adjustments to environmental challenges, dragging genetic change in their wake – much like a rowdy pack of dogs.
Question 1: Which of the following, if found to be true, would negate the main message of the passage?
1. A study indicating the primacy of ecological impact on human adaptation.
2. A study affirming the sole influence of natural selection and inheritance on evolution.
3. A study highlighting the criticality of epigenetic inheritance to evolution.
4. A study affirming the influence of socio-cultural markers on evolutionary processes.Question 2: The passage uses the metaphor of a dog walker to argue that evolutionary adaptation is most comprehensively understood as being determined by:
1. ecological, hormonal, extra genetic and genetic legacies.
2. socio-cultural, genetic, epigenetic, and genomic legacies
3. extra genetic, genetic, epigenetic and genomic legacies.
4. genetic, epigenetic, developmental factors, and ecological legacies.
Question 3: The Emory University experiment with mice points to the inheritance of:
1. personality traits
2. acquired parental fears
3. acquired characteristics
4. psychological markersQuestion 4: Which of the following best describes the author's argument?
1. Darwin‘s and Mendel‘s theories together best explain evolution.
2. Darwin‘s theory of natural selection cannot fully explain evolution.
3. Wilson’s theory of evolution is scientifically superior to either Darwin’s or Mendel’s.
4. Mendel‘s theory of inheritance is unfairly underestimated in explaining evolution.
1. A study indicating the primacy of ecological impact on human adaptation.
2. A study affirming the sole influence of natural selection and inheritance on evolution.
3. A study highlighting the criticality of epigenetic inheritance to evolution.
4. A study affirming the influence of socio-cultural markers on evolutionary processes.
Show SpoilerAnswer
B
1. ecological, hormonal, extra genetic and genetic legacies.
2. socio-cultural, genetic, epigenetic, and genomic legacies
3. extra genetic, genetic, epigenetic and genomic legacies.
4. genetic, epigenetic, developmental factors, and ecological legacies.
Show SpoilerAnswer
D
1. personality traits
2. acquired parental fears
3. acquired characteristics
4. psychological markers
Show SpoilerAnswer
C
1. Darwin‘s and Mendel‘s theories together best explain evolution.
2. Darwin‘s theory of natural selection cannot fully explain evolution.
3. Wilson’s theory of evolution is scientifically superior to either Darwin’s or Mendel’s.
4. Mendel‘s theory of inheritance is unfairly underestimated in explaining evolution.
Show SpoilerAnswer
C
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