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Posts: 161
Updated on: 03 Apr 2023, 00:25
Originally posted by acer2knight on 18 Jul 2009, 17:02.
Last edited by Bunuel on 03 Apr 2023, 00:25, edited 2 times in total.
Last edited by Bunuel on 03 Apr 2023, 00:25, edited 2 times in total.
Renamed the topic and edited the question.
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
79% (01:08) correct
21%
(01:17)
wrong
based on 4759
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A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
Posts: 93
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them – “have developed” is present perfect implies that they are still developing the calendars which might not be true
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them – we are not concerned about the “evidence of North American Indians”
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them – “basing them…” modifies American Indians instead of calendar -wrong
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based - wrong – again “the evidence of North American Indians” is not the concern
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based – Best answer – simple past tense, “based on systematic…” correctly modifies calenders
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them – “have developed” is present perfect implies that they are still developing the calendars which might not be true
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them – we are not concerned about the “evidence of North American Indians”
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them – “basing them…” modifies American Indians instead of calendar -wrong
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based - wrong – again “the evidence of North American Indians” is not the concern
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based – Best answer – simple past tense, “based on systematic…” correctly modifies calenders
Posts: 6,486
Dear Friends,
Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that a “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation.
Concepts tested here: Verb Forms + Tenses + Modifiers + Meaning
• The simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
• The present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
A: This answer choice incorrectly uses the present perfect tense verb “have developed” to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present. Further, Option A incorrectly uses the present participle (“verb+ing”- “basing” in this sentence) to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
B: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “evidence of the North American Indians”; the construction of this phrase illogically suggests that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the existence of the North American Indians; the intended meaning is that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the fact that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation. Further, Option B incorrectly uses the present perfect tense verb “have developed” to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the simple past tense is used to refer to events that concluded in the past, and the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
C: This answer choice incorrectly uses present participle (“verb+ing”- “basing” in this sentence) to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
D: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “evidence of the North American Indians and their development…”; the construction of this phrase illogically suggests that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the existence of the North American Indians; the intended meaning is that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the fact that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation.
E: Correct. This answer choice uses the phrase “evidence that the North American Indians developed…”, conveying the intended meaning of the sentence- that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the fact that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation. Further, Option E correctly uses the simple past tense verb “developed” and the past participle (“based” in this sentence) to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
To understand the concept of "Simple Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):
To understand the concept of "Present Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
Hence, E is the best answer choice.
_________________
Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
acer2knight
Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that a “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation.
Concepts tested here: Verb Forms + Tenses + Modifiers + Meaning
• The simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
• The present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
A: This answer choice incorrectly uses the present perfect tense verb “have developed” to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present. Further, Option A incorrectly uses the present participle (“verb+ing”- “basing” in this sentence) to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
B: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “evidence of the North American Indians”; the construction of this phrase illogically suggests that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the existence of the North American Indians; the intended meaning is that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the fact that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation. Further, Option B incorrectly uses the present perfect tense verb “have developed” to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the simple past tense is used to refer to events that concluded in the past, and the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
C: This answer choice incorrectly uses present participle (“verb+ing”- “basing” in this sentence) to refer to an action that concluded in the past; please remember, the simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
D: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase “evidence of the North American Indians and their development…”; the construction of this phrase illogically suggests that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the existence of the North American Indians; the intended meaning is that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the fact that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation.
E: Correct. This answer choice uses the phrase “evidence that the North American Indians developed…”, conveying the intended meaning of the sentence- that the “calendar stick” is strong evidence of the fact that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars that were on systematic astronomical observation. Further, Option E correctly uses the simple past tense verb “developed” and the past participle (“based” in this sentence) to refer to actions that concluded in the past.
To understand the concept of "Simple Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):
To understand the concept of "Present Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
Hence, E is the best answer choice.
_________________
General Discussion
Posts: 105
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
I believe the answer is E as well. But here is a question. Would this be right?
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians had developed advanced full-year calendars based on systematic astronomical observation.
Please do comment.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
I believe the answer is E as well. But here is a question. Would this be right?
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians had developed advanced full-year calendars based on systematic astronomical observation.
Please do comment.
nightwing79
To use past perfect we need two actions happening in the sentence, one preceding the other. There is only one action here. Anyone disagrees?
A – pronoun error – them is not clear
B – pronoun error and base should modify calendar (if there is a comma, base can modify Indians)
C – them not clear
D – there is not clear and separating Indian and development distort the meaning
E for me
B – pronoun error and base should modify calendar (if there is a comma, base can modify Indians)
C – them not clear
D – there is not clear and separating Indian and development distort the meaning
E for me
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
Pronoun ambiguity in A,B,C & D.
Hence E.
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
Pronoun ambiguity in A,B,C & D.
Hence E.
Posts: 12
1. A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
A. that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
B.of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
C. of the development of advanced full-year calendars made by North American Indians, basing them
D.of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
E. that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
IMO E.
I want to know idioms of evidence...
The N.A. Indians are not the evidence. And the use of their may make ambiguities.... And the use of present perfect too!
A. that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
B.
C. of the development of advanced full-year calendars made by North American Indians, basing them
D.
E. that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
IMO E.
I want to know idioms of evidence...
The N.A. Indians are not the evidence. And the use of their may make ambiguities.... And the use of present perfect too!
nightwing79
I suppose you put the had developed to show two two activities.
One is the development of calendars -- which is the earlier event
Second is the 'based on systematic' -- which you are trying to say is the second event.
But if you look closely the second one is actually not any activity.
So you cannot use had developed here
Posts: 302
(A) that the North American Indians ((have)) developed advanced full-year calendars basing them - it is something done in the past. So use of "have" is incorrect.
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them - it is only one part.... awkward.
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing ((them)) - them seems to refer to North American Indians rather than calendars.
(D) ((of the North American Indians)) and ((their)) development of advanced full-year calendars based - meaning change.
(E) that the North American Indians //developed// advanced full-year calendars //based// - correct.
Thus, E is best.
Sent from my Lenovo K53a48 using GMAT Club Forum mobile app
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them - it is only one part.... awkward.
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing ((them)) - them seems to refer to North American Indians rather than calendars.
(D) ((of the North American Indians)) and ((their)) development of advanced full-year calendars based - meaning change.
(E) that the North American Indians //developed// advanced full-year calendars //based// - correct.
Thus, E is best.
Sent from my Lenovo K53a48 using GMAT Club Forum mobile app
lary301254M7
Joined: 28 Jan 2018
Last visit: 17 Apr 2023
Posts: 107
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GMAT 1: 690 Q47 V38
GPA: 3.34
GMAT 1: 690 Q47 V38
Posts: 107
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
We're talking about Winnebago tribe developed full-year calendars. The development is completed in the past; the development is not an ongoing event.
So, in my opinion, we need to use "simple past"
calendars are based on the systematic astronomical observation
Provide evidence "that" is the correct usage
Therefore, (E) is the only option left
Ans: (E)
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
We're talking about Winnebago tribe developed full-year calendars. The development is completed in the past; the development is not an ongoing event.
So, in my opinion, we need to use "simple past"
calendars are based on the systematic astronomical observation
Provide evidence "that" is the correct usage
Therefore, (E) is the only option left
Ans: (E)
sudarshan22
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Official Explanation :
Choices A and B contain incorrect verb forms: the present perfect have developed, which wrongly suggests a recent accomplishment, should be the simple past form developed in order to indicate action that occurred "centuries ago."
In choice A and C, basing seems again to describe present action and in C lacks a noun that it can modify grammatically; based is needed to describe calendars that were developed in the distant past.
In choice B and D, (evidence) of the North American Indians confuses the meaning of the sentence: the issue is not evidence of the Indians' existence, but evidence of their achievement.
Concisely and logically phrased, choice E is best.
Choices A and B contain incorrect verb forms: the present perfect have developed, which wrongly suggests a recent accomplishment, should be the simple past form developed in order to indicate action that occurred "centuries ago."
In choice A and C, basing seems again to describe present action and in C lacks a noun that it can modify grammatically; based is needed to describe calendars that were developed in the distant past.
In choice B and D, (evidence) of the North American Indians confuses the meaning of the sentence: the issue is not evidence of the Indians' existence, but evidence of their achievement.
Concisely and logically phrased, choice E is best.
For option -> that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them -> I marked this incorrect because of the usage of 'have developed'.
However, this option would this option be right if the option was ->
"that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars basing them"
1. The use of past perfect has been fixed
2. Imo basing can be used as it is correctly modifying full year calendars
3. How is them ambiguous? Logically them can only refer to 'full year calendars'.
Saying - "A ???calendar stick??? carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars basing NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS on systematic astronomical observation" makes no sense imo.
Is my thinking correct?
However, this option would this option be right if the option was ->
"that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars basing them"
1. The use of past perfect has been fixed
2. Imo basing can be used as it is correctly modifying full year calendars
3. How is them ambiguous? Logically them can only refer to 'full year calendars'.
Saying - "A ???calendar stick??? carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars basing NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS on systematic astronomical observation" makes no sense imo.
Is my thinking correct?
livfcind
In choice (E), "based on" comes right after "calendars" and modifies "calendars." So what was based on "systematic astronomical observation"? The calendars.
Now try changing "based on" to "basing them on." Well, now it's not clear whether the part right after "calendars" ("basing them...") does modifiers "calendars" or the entire preceding clause. Is there anything wrong with that? Not exactly, but now I have to think a bit harder to arrive at the correct meaning -- and I don't like thinking harder.
Similarly, there is nothing wrong with using "them." Of course "them" refers to "North American Indians" and not "calendars". But, again, why force the reader to think about it when you can use something that is clearer and more direct ("based on")?
More importantly, your job on the GMAT is to select the BEST answer choice out of the five available options. Looking at a single sentence (or tweaked version of an answer choice) in a bubble and trying to determine whether it's "correct" or "incorrect" based on grammar "rules" is an entirely different job -- one that you'll never have to do on the GMAT.
You have to choose between (A) and (E), not just between "basing them" and "based on."
I hope that helps a bit!
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Romil042
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Following is my approach:
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
Firstly, there is 2/3 split between A, E & B, C, D.
Tip: Any facts, findings, research, etc. need "THAT". On that basis, B, C, and D are out.
Finally between A and E.
The usage of "HAVE DEVELOPED" is incorrect tense. As the activity was completed in past, there is no need for the present perfect tense.
E is a clear winner.
Optional:
Between "based" and "basing them" is going to take a longer time to understand the error. From the GMAT perspective, find one error and move on.
Some posters suggested the usage of the past perfect tense. There are no different connected activities in the statement. Carving and developing the calendar is a single event. Carving leads to development; there is no independent or connected event.
A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
Firstly, there is 2/3 split between A, E & B, C, D.
Tip: Any facts, findings, research, etc. need "THAT". On that basis, B, C, and D are out.
Finally between A and E.
The usage of "HAVE DEVELOPED" is incorrect tense. As the activity was completed in past, there is no need for the present perfect tense.
E is a clear winner.
Optional:
Between "based" and "basing them" is going to take a longer time to understand the error. From the GMAT perspective, find one error and move on.
Some posters suggested the usage of the past perfect tense. There are no different connected activities in the statement. Carving and developing the calendar is a single event. Carving leads to development; there is no independent or connected event.
harshtandel838
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A “calendar stick” carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the first evidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them on systematic astronomical observation.
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(here "them causes the issue because it refers to "the North American Indians" and that distorts the meaning.. I mean we want to say "calendars based on systematic astronomical observation" and not "calendars basing North American Indians on systematic astronomical observation")
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(same error as A)
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(same error as A)
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(here it changes the meaning too "first evidence of North Americans" but the statement want to convey that "first evidence about calendars".... well that's a trap answer choice)
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
here's the correct answer
(A) that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basing them
(here "them causes the issue because it refers to "the North American Indians" and that distorts the meaning.. I mean we want to say "calendars based on systematic astronomical observation" and not "calendars basing North American Indians on systematic astronomical observation")
(B) of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars and based them
(same error as A)
(C) of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians, basing them
(same error as A)
(D) of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendars based
(here it changes the meaning too "first evidence of North Americans" but the statement want to convey that "first evidence about calendars".... well that's a trap answer choice)
(E) that the North American Indians developed advanced full-year calendars based
here's the correct answer
nightwing79
Even i think the same. This is a classis case of past perfect tense. There are two actions but basing an action on other points out the chronology. Hence, no need to use 'had'.
Posts: 6,486
Qazi700
Hello Qazi700,
We hope this finds you well.
To provide a bit of clarity here, this sentence is not actually a case of past perfect tense, as there is only one action in this sentence that concluded in the past - North American Indians developing the calendars.
"carved" and "based" are both past participles ("verb+ed") rather than active verbs, and "may provide" is a hypothetical future action.
We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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