This one is a great example of sequential selection with a hidden constraint that trips up many students.
Here's the key insight you need to see: For Harry to become secretary or treasurer, he must first
avoid being selected as president. If he's chosen as president, game over – he can't hold the other positions.
Let's break this down step by step:
Step 1: What's the probability Harry is NOT chosen as president?When they pick the president, there are 10 people to choose from. Harry is 1 of them. So the chance Harry avoids the presidency is:
\(\frac{9}{10}\)
Think about it: 9 out of 10 people who aren't Harry could be president instead.
Step 2: Given Harry avoided presidency, what's his chance of getting secretary OR treasurer?Now there are 9 people remaining (including Harry), and they need to fill 2 positions: secretary and treasurer.
Here's where students often stumble – you might think it's \(\frac{1}{9}\), but that's not quite right. Notice that there are
2 favorable positions for Harry out of the 9 remaining people. So Harry's probability of being selected for one of these two roles is:
\(\frac{2}{9}\)
Step 3: Combine the probabilitiesThe overall probability is:
\(P(\text{Harry is secretary or treasurer}) = P(\text{not president}) \times P(\text{secretary or treasurer | not president})\)
\(= \frac{9}{10} \times \frac{2}{9}\)
\(= \frac{18}{90}\)
\(= \frac{1}{5}\)
Notice how beautifully the 9's cancel out!
Answer: (E) \(\frac{1}{5}\)This makes intuitive sense too – Harry has a 20% chance, which feels reasonable given that 2 out of the 10 members will fill roles he wants, but he first needs to dodge that presidency selection.
Why this approach works: You're dealing with conditional probability in a sequential selection process. The key is recognizing the constraint (Harry can't be president) and then calculating his chances within the remaining pool.
If you want to understand the systematic framework for tackling all sequential probability problems like this, including the common variations and time-saving patterns, you can check out the
complete solution breakdown on Neuron by e-GMAT. The full explanation covers alternative approaches and helps you recognize similar problem patterns instantly. You can also practice with detailed solutions for
other official GMAT questions here to build consistent accuracy across all probability question types.
Hope this helps clarify the logic! Let me know if you have questions about any step.