A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying acce

In the third paragraph of the passage it is mentioned that "most often, in fact, a whole series of prior discoveries is needed to tease reality’s truths from experiment and observation." and based on this I selected option B. Is option B incorrect because I mixed discoveries and observations?

1. Scientific ideas and scientific discoveries, experiments, and observations are different entities.
2. Question is not asking to identify the examples of experiments and observations.

Concentrate on the continuity of the question.

Kepler’s ideas provide an example of scientific ideas that were..........

B is not related even, so mixing up discoveries and observations is not the sole reason for B to be wrong. While the lines below from the passage clearly support A.

that new scientific ideas often correct old ones by indicating errors and imprecisions (as, say, Newton’s ideas did to Kepler’s).

Question #4
I was stuck between D and E. What is the difference between both answer choices and how to select the right one?

Read some text before and after the concerned highlighted text to understand what is going on at the point.

We now know, for example, that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen and that parents each contribute one-half of their children’s complement of genes. I do not believe any serious-minded and informed person can claim that these statements are not factual descriptions of the world or that they will inevitably be falsified.

Now read option D

(D) to anticipate objections from someone who would argue for an objectively accurate description of the world

D is actually the opposite.

Although I eliminated option D because of the use of the word "overstatements" but reading the passage again I came across author words "deeply implausible". So is it because of that the usage of word "overstatement" in option D is justified?

In question #6

The author labels the historians’ view as “extremist” and “implausible,” but in para 3, particularly the last sentence, he hints that they do have some valid ideas.

D states

(D) Although they are gross overstatements, they lead to some valuable insights.

So the answer to your question is Yes.