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01 Feb 2026, 11:56
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All students who earned advanced management degrees from Abacus University have received several excellent job offers. Many graduates of Payola College have gone on to pursue advanced management degrees at Abacus University. However, this does not prove that enrolling as an undergraduate student at Payola College guarantees career success, since, compared to other colleges, Payola College attracts students who are already highly motivated and academically gifted, traits that naturally lead to career success regardless of college choice.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
A. Payola College has a reputation for having a rigorous academic curriculum that prepares students well enough to pursue advanced management degree from Abacus University.
B. Students who transfer out of Payola College to other undergraduate institutions are just as likely to achieve career success as those who stay.
C. Among students with similar abilities and motivation upon entry, those who attend Payola College are no more likely to achieve career success than those who attend other colleges.
D. Payola College has strong networking connections with Abacus University, which helps its graduates gain admission to Abacus's advanced management program.
E. The career services department at Payola College is known for providing excellent support to students in finding internships and job opportunities.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
A. Payola College has a reputation for having a rigorous academic curriculum that prepares students well enough to pursue advanced management degree from Abacus University.
B. Students who transfer out of Payola College to other undergraduate institutions are just as likely to achieve career success as those who stay.
C. Among students with similar abilities and motivation upon entry, those who attend Payola College are no more likely to achieve career success than those who attend other colleges.
D. Payola College has strong networking connections with Abacus University, which helps its graduates gain admission to Abacus's advanced management program.
E. The career services department at Payola College is known for providing excellent support to students in finding internships and job opportunities.
Utkarsha20
01 Feb 2026, 12:19
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Option B is a "narrow" strengthener, as it compares Payola students who stayed with those who transferred. But C is a "universal" strengthener because it compares Payola students to the general population of students with similar talents.
01 Feb 2026, 12:29
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All students who earned advanced management degrees from Abacus University have received several excellent job offers. Many graduates of Payola College have gone on to pursue advanced management degrees at Abacus University. However, this does not prove that enrolling as an undergraduate student at Payola College guarantees career success, since, compared to other colleges, Payola College attracts students who are already highly motivated and academically gifted, traits that naturally lead to career success regardless of college choice.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
Some Payola undergrads later get Abacus management degrees, and Abacus degree holders get great job offers. But the argument says this does not show Payola causes career success, because Payola mainly admits students who are already the kind of people who would succeed anywhere. The strongest support will show that, controlling for student quality, Payola attendance does not increase career success.
A. Payola College has a reputation for having a rigorous academic curriculum that prepares students well enough to pursue advanced management degree from Abacus University.
This suggests Payola might actually contribute to later success, which weakens the claim that Payola is not the cause.
B. Students who transfer out of Payola College to other undergraduate institutions are just as likely to achieve career success as those who stay.
This helps somewhat because it suggests Payola itself is not necessary, but it still does not cleanly separate student quality from school effect. Transfer students may differ in important ways.
C. Among students with similar abilities and motivation upon entry, those who attend Payola College are no more likely to achieve career success than those who attend other colleges.
This directly supports the core point: once you hold constant ability and motivation, Payola provides no extra advantage. That makes the “selection effect” explanation much stronger. This is the best strengthening.
D. Payola College has strong networking connections with Abacus University, which helps its graduates gain admission to Abacus's advanced management program.
That points to Payola having a causal advantage, so it undermines the argument.
E. The career services department at Payola College is known for providing excellent support to students in finding internships and job opportunities.
This also suggests Payola could cause career success, weakening the argument.
Answer: (C)
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?
Some Payola undergrads later get Abacus management degrees, and Abacus degree holders get great job offers. But the argument says this does not show Payola causes career success, because Payola mainly admits students who are already the kind of people who would succeed anywhere. The strongest support will show that, controlling for student quality, Payola attendance does not increase career success.
A. Payola College has a reputation for having a rigorous academic curriculum that prepares students well enough to pursue advanced management degree from Abacus University.
This suggests Payola might actually contribute to later success, which weakens the claim that Payola is not the cause.
B. Students who transfer out of Payola College to other undergraduate institutions are just as likely to achieve career success as those who stay.
This helps somewhat because it suggests Payola itself is not necessary, but it still does not cleanly separate student quality from school effect. Transfer students may differ in important ways.
C. Among students with similar abilities and motivation upon entry, those who attend Payola College are no more likely to achieve career success than those who attend other colleges.
This directly supports the core point: once you hold constant ability and motivation, Payola provides no extra advantage. That makes the “selection effect” explanation much stronger. This is the best strengthening.
D. Payola College has strong networking connections with Abacus University, which helps its graduates gain admission to Abacus's advanced management program.
That points to Payola having a causal advantage, so it undermines the argument.
E. The career services department at Payola College is known for providing excellent support to students in finding internships and job opportunities.
This also suggests Payola could cause career success, weakening the argument.
Answer: (C)
