Indicates that… A, B out
C: not having made is not parallel to anything else.
Between D and E:
There's a problem of meaning here. Let me illustrate with an analogy.
Few of these animals eat or drink during the harsh daylight hours
--> this sentence would mean that the animals
do neither of these activities, in the main, during daylight hours.
few of these animals eat and avoid drinking during the harsh daylight hours
--> the sentence would mean that
there are few animals that do both of these things, but leaves open the possibility that many, or perhaps even a
majority, do one or the other. Also, this wording is hopelessly awkward, but it probably takes a native speaker's
ear to discern that fact.
the last two choices of the problem exhibit the same sort of issue. The intended meaning is that people are doing
either of these activities, so
(e) is the only one of these two choices to correctly represent this meaning E says: that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made
Here…
“have significantly reduced” OR “(have significantly) MADE”… May not look parallel but are absolutely parallel.
“The amount of driving they do” is just a NOUN… so don’t try to make DO parallel to anything.
they're using it idiomatically here. you can "do a lot of driving", in the same way you can "do a lot of homework".
do notice that the identical construction appears in all five choices, so that it's actually irrelevant to the solution of
the problem.
yes, "do that amount of driving" is the idea here.