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Based on contemporary diaries from luminaries such as Horace Walpole and Lady Jemima Yorke, records of musical compositions, and subsequent legends, many conspiracy enthusiasts are convinced they can prove that the mysterious 18th-century high-society figure known as the Count of St. Germain lived for 500 years.


A) Based on contemporary diaries from luminaries such as Horace Walpole and Lady Jemima Yorke, records of musical compositions, and subsequent legends, - this sentence kind of means that many conspiracy theorists are based on the given list

B) With contemporary diaries from luminaries such as Horace Walpole and Lady Jemima Yorke, records of musical compositions, and subsequent legends used for a basis, - Parallelism error

C) Basing it on contemporary diaries from luminaries such as Horace Walpole and Lady Jemima Yorke, records of musical compositions, and subsequent legends, It has no proper antecedent

D) Using contemporary diaries from luminaries such as Horace Walpole and Lady Jemima Yorke, records of musical compositions, and subsequent legends, - Correct answer. "using.....Legends" correctly modifies many conspiracy theorist

E) By contemporary diaries from luminaries such as Horace Walpole and Lady Jemima Yorke, musical compositions that had been recorded, and subsequent legends, - Parallelism error. "musical compositions....recorded" is a clause and the rest are noun
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Unfortunately, I picked A but here's why D is correct: The underlined part is an appositive. This type of modifier describes the adjoining noun. So A implies that conspiracy enthusiasts are based on... But this cannot be the case. Conspiracy theory can be based on the underlined portion, enthusiasts cannot.

Now if you look at D, the sentence makes sense. The appositive correctly describes conspiracy enthusiasts. D says that using this, that and more, enthusiasts have concluded something. Perfect.

The key to getting such modifier questions right is to figure out whether the modifier in question is an appositive, participial phrase, relative clause etc. The moment we can spot this, we can summon the dos and don'ts governing these little beasts.
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