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04 Mar 2021, 23:30
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Question 1
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
78% (02:04) correct
22%
(02:20) wrong
based on 383
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
90% (00:34) correct 10%
(00:46) wrong
based on 356
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
64% (00:34) correct 36%
(00:34) wrong
based on 348
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
70% (01:29) correct 30%
(01:24) wrong
based on 348
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Chimps and children, gulls and Greeks—the ethologists go their merry way, comparing bits of human cultural behavior with bits of genetically programmed animal behavior. True, humans are animals; they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animals. But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior. Thus one ethologist compares the presentation of a twig by a cormorant with gift-giving in humans. Yet the cormorant’s twig-presentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts. Everything significant about it derives from its social context. Thus, ethologists can accomplish little—beyond reminding us that we are animals—until they study humans as cultural beings.
1. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) demonstrating the usefulness of ethology in discovering the behavioral limits within which humans operate
(B) objecting to the degradation of humanity implicit in the ethologists equation of humans and animals
(C) pointing out the dangers inherent in comparing highly dissimilar species, such as humans and cormorants, rather than similar ones, such as humans and apes
(D) refuting the idea that the appeasement rituals in human cultural behavior can be profitably subjected to ethological analysis
(E) arguing that the ethologists’ assumption that human behavior can be straightforwardly compared with animal behavior is invalid
(A) demonstrating the usefulness of ethology in discovering the behavioral limits within which humans operate
(B) objecting to the degradation of humanity implicit in the ethologists equation of humans and animals
(C) pointing out the dangers inherent in comparing highly dissimilar species, such as humans and cormorants, rather than similar ones, such as humans and apes
(D) refuting the idea that the appeasement rituals in human cultural behavior can be profitably subjected to ethological analysis
(E) arguing that the ethologists’ assumption that human behavior can be straightforwardly compared with animal behavior is invalid
2. The author believes that gift-giving in humans
(A) is instinctive behavior
(B) is analogous to appeasement rituals in other animals
(C) is not an appropriate subject of study for ethologists
(D) must be considered within its social context to be properly understood
(E) may be a cultural remnant of behavior originally designed to inhibit attack
(A) is instinctive behavior
(B) is analogous to appeasement rituals in other animals
(C) is not an appropriate subject of study for ethologists
(D) must be considered within its social context to be properly understood
(E) may be a cultural remnant of behavior originally designed to inhibit attack
3. The author’s attitude toward contemporary ethologists can best be described as
(A) puzzled
(B) conciliatory
(C) defensive
(D) amused
(E) disparaging
(A) puzzled
(B) conciliatory
(C) defensive
(D) amused
(E) disparaging
4. Which of the following statements from a report on a cross-cultural study of gift-giving would, if true, most strongly support the author’s assertions concerning human gift-giving?
(A) In every culture studied, it was found that some forms of gift-giving are acts of aggression that place the receiver under obligation to the giver.
(B) Most governmental taxation systems differentiate between gifts of property given to children during a parent’s lifetime, and a child’s inheritance of the same property from a parent dying without a will.
(C) Some gift-giving customs have analogous forms in nearly every culture, as in the almost universal custom of welcoming strangers with gifts of food.
(D) In North America, generally speaking, money is an acceptable holiday gift to one’s letter carrier or garbage collector, but is often considered an insult if given to one’s employer, friends, or relatives.
(E) Some gifts, being conciliatory in nature, indicate by their costliness the degree of hostility they must appease in the recipient.
(A) In every culture studied, it was found that some forms of gift-giving are acts of aggression that place the receiver under obligation to the giver.
(B) Most governmental taxation systems differentiate between gifts of property given to children during a parent’s lifetime, and a child’s inheritance of the same property from a parent dying without a will.
(C) Some gift-giving customs have analogous forms in nearly every culture, as in the almost universal custom of welcoming strangers with gifts of food.
(D) In North America, generally speaking, money is an acceptable holiday gift to one’s letter carrier or garbage collector, but is often considered an insult if given to one’s employer, friends, or relatives.
(E) Some gifts, being conciliatory in nature, indicate by their costliness the degree of hostility they must appease in the recipient.
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Passage # 91 Date: 05-Mar-2021
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Passage # 91 Date: 05-Mar-2021
This question is a part of RC Butler 2021. Click here for Details
06 Mar 2021, 17:08
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Sajjad1994
Time ~ 4:26 seconds
A, D, B, D,
1) the author demonstrates the usefulness of ethology and says the use can be limited without looking at humans as cultural beings
(A) expresses this idea
b,c,d,e are incorrect because there is no objection, pointing, refute or argue
2) gift giving varies in cultural and with in cultures social context also has to be considered
this is expressed in (D)
3) the author merely tells that they have their limitations so there is no puzzle, defensive, amuse
disparaging is extreme
so (B)
4) gift giving varies in cultural and with in cultures social context also has to be considered
this is expressed in D
the gift in America is different w.r.t to social context ( it is okay to give drivers but not friends etc)
09 Mar 2021, 12:15
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Q1.
A. is incorrect. The author says that the analogies at which ethologists look "can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior."
B. Out of scope. There is no implicit reference to the degradation of humanity in the passage.
C. Out of scope. The author no where in the passage claims that humans and cormorants are dissimilar species whereas humans and apes are similar.
D. The author does not refute this idea. The author says that ethological analysis between human behaviour and animal behaviour has its limitations.
E. is the correct answer. The author says in line 3, "True, humans are animals; they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animals. But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior."
He then builds on this claim by giving an example and concludes by saying, "Thus, ethologists can accomplish little—beyond reminding us that we are animals—until they study humans as cultural beings."
Q2.
A. is out of scope. Not mentioned in the passage.
B. The author believes the contrary. He says "such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior." In the lines 10 - 11 the author mentions, "Yet the cormorant’s twig-presentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts."
C. Out of scope. Not mentioned in passage.
D. is the correct answer. The author mentions in lines 12 - 15, "Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts. Everything significant about it derives from its social context."
E. is incorrect. The claim in this sentence is actually true for cormorants.
Q3.
The author is neither puzzled nor conciliatory not defensive nor amused in his approach.
E. is the correct answer. In the last line the author clearly states, "ethologists can accomplish little—beyond reminding us that we are animals—until they study humans as cultural beings."
Q4.
In lines 12 - 14, the author states, "Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts."
D. This is the only option that most strongly supports the author's assertion. Here, in the same culture (North American), within different social contexts (letter carrier/garbage collector and employers/friends/relatives), the same gift is either considered acceptable or insulting.
This supports the author's claim that, "Everything significant about it (gift-giving in humans) derives from its social context."
A. is incorrect. The author says that the analogies at which ethologists look "can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior."
B. Out of scope. There is no implicit reference to the degradation of humanity in the passage.
C. Out of scope. The author no where in the passage claims that humans and cormorants are dissimilar species whereas humans and apes are similar.
D. The author does not refute this idea. The author says that ethological analysis between human behaviour and animal behaviour has its limitations.
E. is the correct answer. The author says in line 3, "True, humans are animals; they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animals. But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior."
He then builds on this claim by giving an example and concludes by saying, "Thus, ethologists can accomplish little—beyond reminding us that we are animals—until they study humans as cultural beings."
Q2.
A. is out of scope. Not mentioned in the passage.
B. The author believes the contrary. He says "such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior." In the lines 10 - 11 the author mentions, "Yet the cormorant’s twig-presentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts."
C. Out of scope. Not mentioned in passage.
D. is the correct answer. The author mentions in lines 12 - 15, "Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts. Everything significant about it derives from its social context."
E. is incorrect. The claim in this sentence is actually true for cormorants.
Q3.
The author is neither puzzled nor conciliatory not defensive nor amused in his approach.
E. is the correct answer. In the last line the author clearly states, "ethologists can accomplish little—beyond reminding us that we are animals—until they study humans as cultural beings."
Q4.
In lines 12 - 14, the author states, "Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts."
D. This is the only option that most strongly supports the author's assertion. Here, in the same culture (North American), within different social contexts (letter carrier/garbage collector and employers/friends/relatives), the same gift is either considered acceptable or insulting.
This supports the author's claim that, "Everything significant about it (gift-giving in humans) derives from its social context."
