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Argument: Although parapsychology is often considered a pseudoscience, it is in fact a genuine scientific enterprise, for it uses scientific methods such as controlled experiments and statistical tests of clearly stated hypotheses to examine the questions it raises.
A. Every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. B. Any field of study that employs scientific methods is a genuine scientific enterprise.
CHOICE A Choice A: Every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises.
Negated version of Choice A: Not every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. Rephrase of the negated statement: 0 - 99 genuine scientific enterprises have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise.
Impact of the negated statement on the conclusion: The negated statement offers a range of possibilities. We’ll consider the two extreme ones for a clear understanding. They are:
A. No genuine scientific enterprises has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. – weakens the conclusion as it indicates that it is probably not a criterion worth considering.
B. Almost all genuine scientific enterprises have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise. – strengthens the conclusion, as it indicates that it is a criterion worth considering.
Negated version of Choice B: Not all fields of study that employ scientific methods are genuine scientific enterprises. Rephrase of the negated statement: 0-99 fields of study that employ scientific methods are genuine scientific enterprises.
Meaning of the negated statement: If you see, the above statement says that out of a 100 possibilities, 0-99 employ scientific methods and are genuine scientific enterprises. This means that there is definitely one possibility that a field employs scientific methods but is still not a genuine scientific enterprise.
Impact on the conclusion: The negated version of Choice B completely destroys the basis of the author’s conclusion.
Doubt :
I can use the same logic used for B in option A - i.e Negated version of Choice A: Not every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. Rephrase of the negated statement: 0 - 99 genuine scientific enterprises have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise.
Hence it can also mean: 1 genuine scientific enterprises does not have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise.
This weakens the conclusion.
Not sure how the negation test is working in this case. Kindly help me understand if I am missing anything, also request you to not give another logic to eliminate option A (Eg. test A gives result, doesn't mean result can be achieved only by test A). I am trying to understand the concept of negation test and anything in line with the above logic will help me clarify the concept
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Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
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Argument: Although parapsychology is often considered a pseudoscience, it is in fact a genuine scientific enterprise, for it uses scientific methods such as controlled experiments and statistical tests of clearly stated hypotheses to examine the questions it raises.
A. Every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. B. Any field of study that employs scientific methods is a genuine scientific enterprise.
CHOICE A Choice A: Every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises.
Negated version of Choice A: Not every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. Rephrase of the negated statement: 0 - 99 genuine scientific enterprises have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise.
Impact of the negated statement on the conclusion: The negated statement offers a range of possibilities. We’ll consider the two extreme ones for a clear understanding. They are:
A. No genuine scientific enterprises has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. – weakens the conclusion as it indicates that it is probably not a criterion worth considering.
B. Almost all genuine scientific enterprises have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise. – strengthens the conclusion, as it indicates that it is a criterion worth considering.
Negated version of Choice B: Not all fields of study that employ scientific methods are genuine scientific enterprises. Rephrase of the negated statement: 0-99 fields of study that employ scientific methods are genuine scientific enterprises.
Meaning of the negated statement: If you see, the above statement says that out of a 100 possibilities, 0-99 employ scientific methods and are genuine scientific enterprises. This means that there is definitely one possibility that a field employs scientific methods but is still not a genuine scientific enterprise.
Impact on the conclusion: The negated version of Choice B completely destroys the basis of the author’s conclusion.
Doubt :
I can use the same logic used for B in option A - i.e Negated version of Choice A: Not every genuine scientific enterprise has to use scientific methods to examine the questions it raises. Rephrase of the negated statement: 0 - 99 genuine scientific enterprises have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise.
Hence it can also mean: 1 genuine scientific enterprises does not have to use scientific methods to examine the questions they raise.
This weakens the conclusion.
Not sure how the negation test is working in this case. Kindly help me understand if I am missing anything, also request you to not give another logic to eliminate option A (Eg. test A gives result, doesn't mean result can be achieved only by test A). I am trying to understand the concept of negation test and anything in line with the above logic will help me clarify the concept
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Hi,
This question is discussed in detail HERE. In case of any questions please post there. Hope it helps.
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block above for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.