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VAKRATUNDA
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First identified in 1969, komatiites are Earths oldest known volcanic 30 Sep 2018, 01:34
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First identified in 1969, komatiites are Earth’s oldest known volcanic rocks and contain three times as much magnesium as do most volcanic rocks. This chemical composition suggests that komatiites formed from the hottest lava known ever to have erupted: a high concentration of magnesium changes the physical properties of lava so that unusually high temperatures would be required for the lava to exist as a liquid.

Komatiites’ discovery was surprising in light of then-current geological theories about magmas, molten rock that forms in the Earth’s mantle (the layer beneath the crust) and composes volcanic lava eruptions. Prior to 1960, geologists Bowen and Hess disagreed over whether or not the very high temperatures needed to produce magmas rich in magnesium could have existed on Earth. Hess suggested that the presence of water, probably released from minerals decomposing in the Earth’s mantle, might have meant that a high-magnesium magma could have existed at a lower temperature. But Bowen showed experimentally that the high temperatures were indeed necessary. By 1960, it was generally accepted that volcanic rocks with such high levels of magnesium could not exist, and thus the discovery of komatiites changed geologists’ assumptions about the characteristics of the Earth’s mantle around the time of the formation of komatiites, between 2.5 and 4 billion years ago.
1. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
A. Two divergent views of a scientific phenomenon are reconciled.
B. A phenomenon is described and its scientific significance is discussed.
C. The discovery of a scientific phenomenon is traced and its implications for further research are suggested.
D. A long-standing scientific theory is examined and recently discovered evidence is shown to support it.
E. The ways in which a particular geological phenomenon is exceptional are detailed and classified.
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B

2. Information in the passage suggests which of the following concerning the Earth’s mantle 2.5 to 4 billion years ago?
A. It contained magmas that were more significantly affected by the decomposition of minerals than are current-day magmas.
B. It contained a lower proportion of water that it contains today.
C. Its characteristics were accurately described by both Bowen and Hess.
D. Its temperature was sufficiently high to produce magmas with high magnesium content.
E. Its total magnesium content then was roughly equivalent to its magnesium content today.
Show Spoiler
D


3. Which of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
A. Komatiites provide information about rates of volcanic eruption between 2.5 and 4 billion years ago.
B. Komatiites provide information about how the physical properties of lava in the Earth’s past compare with those of current-day lava.
C. Komatiites provide evidence that undermines Bowen’s experimental conclusions regarding the temperatures at which lava exists as a liquid.
D. Komatiites provide evidence that has changed geologists’ ideas about the characteristics of the Earth’s mantle between 2.5 and 4 billion years ago.
E. Komatiites provide evidence that water in the Earth’s mantle may have reduced the temperature required for lava to exist as a liquid.

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First identified in 1969, komatiites are Earths oldest known volcanic 30 Sep 2018, 02:33
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Please discuss the question here first-identified-in-1969-komatiites-are-earth-s-oldestknown-144119.html?fl=similar

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