Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates

Question

Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body’s midline are mirror images). Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same asymmetry, members of the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters between the United States and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast. Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a “cline” and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a response to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of one another) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other? The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, there would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost. The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed, an natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21. According to the passage, starry flounder differ from most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder (A) are not basically bilaterally symmetric (B) do not become asymmetric until adulthood (C) do not all share the same asymmetry (D) have both eyes on the same side of the head (E) tend to cluster in only certain geographic regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in the starry flounder?

I. They are adaptive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences. II. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starry flounder. III. They occur in different proportions in different locations. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23. According to the passage, a possible disadvantage associated with eye migration in flatfish is that the optic nerves can (A) adhere to one another (B) detach from the eyes (C) cross (D) stretch (E) twist ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole? (A) A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected. (B) A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed. (C) A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified. (D) A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory. (E) A hypothesis is introduced and corroborated in the light of new evidence. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions? (A) Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed? (B) Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral? (C) Why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral? (D) How do the eyes in flatfish migrate? (E) How did Parker make his discoveries about the anatomy of optic nerves in flatfish? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26. Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the passage?

(A) A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin (B) A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit (C) A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price (D) A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill (E) A national park in which the ranger stations are placed so as to be inconspicuous, and yet as easily accessible as possible ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27. Which of the following phrases from the passage best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?

(A) “Most striking” (line 4) (B) “variation is adaptive” (line 19) (C) “mechanically disadvantageous” (lines 3738) (D) “adaptively significant” (lines 48-49) (E) “evolutionary red herring” (line 54) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Need Lucid Explanation for 22,26,27 especially. 21 C 22 D 23 E 24 A 25 B 26 D 27 E

chetan2u · Answer

Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body’s midline are mirror images). Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same asymmetry, members of the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. III In the waters between the United States and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast. Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a “cline” and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a response to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of one another) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other? The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy, especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This crossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, there would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. (II) For starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost. The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed, an natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equally untenable, (I) biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring. 22. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in the starry flounder? :twisted:

I. They are adaptive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences. II. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starry flounder. III. They occur in different proportions in different locations. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III Hi, please look at the coloured portions... I. They are adaptive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences.... the red coloured portion shows that there is no evidence to show that "They are adaptive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences and not to genetic differences... so the author is not likely to agree to this statement.. II. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starry flounder. the green coloured portion marked II states that although left eyed is not an advantageous situation yet some species have this.. so author will agree III. They occur in different proportions in different locations. the green coloured portion marked III gives different proportions at different places..again author will agree.. so ans is D

akashansari · Answer

Thank you Chetan for your kind response.Yes I am pretty clear now.But I think i have missed an important clause here, which says : 
"As other explanations proved equally untenable,"
that means the previous explanation is not supported.......which says natural selection promotes a purely advantageous variation.
But the truth is what Biologists say..... no important adaptive difference between the starry flounder.....this characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic.
The author is most likely to agree with the the biologists esp. the evolutionary biologists because they are commonly encountered by this kind of situation.

Paraphrasing is the key here.

(II) For starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.
The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed, an natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation.    As other explanations proved equally untenable,    (I) biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic.

Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates

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