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C) - any other habits common among teenagers....
Teenagers can have multiple things going on and it is helpful to know if there were other activities that also caused the intraocular pressure , like reading in dim lights etc , this options suits the most

Why the others are not the sol
A) - the study was over 4 yrs so even in starting the intraocular pressure was high then it should not impact on the rate of increase
B) - this statement is telling about the reliability not the factors and impact on persons
D) - the study is inclined towards heavy use of screen and lesser screen time also can have similar impact but it will not prove any other point that screen time is the main issue

E) - in the statement we are particularly checking for intraocular pressure due to screen, not just vision impairment .
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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(A) is about whether some volunteers already had high intraocular pressure at the beginning of the study. But the conclusion is about whether heavy screen use caused a faster increase during the study so knowing their starting point doesn't really address that.

(B) asks whether intraocular pressure is the best indicator of overall eye health. The argument only relies on the fact that elevated IOP is associated with vision impairment so comparing it with other measurements isn't the key issue.

(C) is the right answer because it checks for an alternative explanation. If teenagers who spend more than 6 hours on screens also share another habit that increases IOP then that habit not screen time could explain the results. If no such habit exists the researchers conclusion becomes much stronger. Hold C

(D) points out that some teenagers using screens for fewer than 6 hours may also have increased IOP. That's not a problem because the researchers never claimed that only heavy screen users experience increasing IOP.

(E) says vision impairment can have causes other than elevated IOP. That's true but it doesn't affect whether heavy screen use contributes to vision impairment through elevated IOP.

Answer: Option C
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Premise: Teenagers using screen for more than 6 hours per day hay pressure problems. And elevated pressure problems is associated with vision impairment.
Conclusion: Heavy use of screen is reason for vision impairment.
Assumption: Screen usage is leading to vision impairment issues.

A: Incorrect: Doesn't address the point that if there was a relation between increased screen time use leading to the issue.
B. Incorrect: Its already stated in the premise that pressure issues is related to vision impairment. Comparing it with other indicators will not help.
C: Seems Correct: Because if other factors like nutrtion or less sleep for example leads to pressure issues then screen usage may not be the cause.
D. Incorrect: Even if less than 6 hour users face the issue this doesn't mean that he conclusion doesn't hold. And increase of pressure was not something we are evaluating.
E. Incorrect: Vision impairment caused by other factors is something we are not evaluating here.

IMO Ans is C.
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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The answer is C because the conclusion is casual: heavy screen use=> higher pressure=> vision impairment. The evidence is only a correlation. Knowing whether other habits common among heavy screen users also raise pressure tests the alternative-cause objection, so the answer to it changes how strong the evidence is either way. That’s exactly what “useful to evaluate” questions reward.

Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years.
The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day.

Conclusion: - Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen usage contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researcher's evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

Pre-thinking:
Whether there is a cause-effect relationship between screen usage of more than six hours per day and intraocular pressure increase or just mere correlation.

A. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since argument is concerned with rate of increase of intraocular pressure, therefore this statement about absolute values of intraocular pressure is irrelevant.
Incorrect

B. The argument and conclusion is not about overall visual system health but is concerned with visual impairment because of high daily screen usage.
Incorrect

C. This matches our pre-thinking. The statement tries to find out any other cause common with teenagers with high screen usage which results in visual impairment. If yes, then the conclusion does not hold true. If no, then the conclusion holds true.
Correct

D. There may be exceptions in any research. There may be teenagers having less daily screen usage having visual impairment but that does not impact the conclusion.
Incorrect

E. Even if there are other factors leading to visual impairment, this does not weaken the conclusion that heavy daily screen usage leads to visual impairment.
Incorrect

IMO C
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Correlation is ≠ causation.
Argument states two events happening together so on e must cause the other.

arguments posits - screens more than 6 hours per day causes increased intraocular pressure, thus vision impairment.
Intraocular pressure
We need to see whether there are any other reasons that can cause increased intraocular pressure. This can make or break the argument.
This is option C, which is the correct answer.

Another option that stood out to me was - E.

My reason to eliminate it was -
Answer the question with a YES
just because vision impairment can be caused by factors that don't involve intraocular pressure, doesn't imply that IP doesn't cause them.
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Lets say
A - intraocular pressure
B - vision impairement
C - scree time

Research says => c > 6hr => increased A
Fact => elevated A related to B
conclusion C increase => increased B (C increase -> increased A -> increased B)

Question is how can we asses the conclusion not agree with it or deny it straight forward but any info that can hel us incline to one of the side

optionA - A high for people whose A was already high (reason for already high readings may be due to screen time may not be not helpful)
optionB - If we know for sure that relation between A and B is the right way of mesuring then we can say the conclusion is right (possible answer)
optionC - More screen time results in high intracular pressure veen though it is for research for or not. This confirm the relation ship of screetime and pressure but doesn't strictly help us conclude the screentime used for research also results in pressure. There might be other reasons of pressure from other activities resulting in high pressure and not the sccreen time - not helpful
optionD - This says there can be other reasons also for increased pressure other than screen time. Which is a possibility but our srgument focuses on relation between screen time and pressure for research students and not other reasons for pressure increase
optionE - This also tells us about other reason of vision impairment but we are focused on identifying the relation between screen time vision impairements so other factors doesn't matter

Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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Passage analysis,
Finding of the study: intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screen >6hr/day.
Elevated IOP is associated with vision impairmant.
Conclusion: heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairmant.
Line of reasoning is correlation might be causal.

Answer choice analysis,
A. This optiion says most of the volunteers with highest IOP, that does not rule out the screen time element for the remaining volunteers. This is incorrect.
B. This option is totally out of context. Our aim is to find what cause the increase of IOP. IOP is associated with vision impairment that is premise. Incorrect.
C. This is the correct answer. We are looking for any other factor in this elevated IOP. Result might question the author's reasoning.
D. Increased IOP is not the topic of discussion. we are talking about quicker elevation of IOP.
E. Out of context. Same reasoning as option B.
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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A Knowing the starting pressure is irrelevant because the study focused on the rate of increase over four years.

B Comparing this measurement to others is irrelevant. The text already establishes that elevated intraocular pressure is linked to vision impairment.

C Correct. It determines whether another shared habit is the actual cause of the pressure increase rather than the screens.

D It doesn't matter if light screen users also experienced some slower or minor increases..

E The existence of other unrelated causes for vision impairment does not weaken the claim.

IMO C
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A. The argument is concerned about the starting baseline but the increase
B. The argument is not about whether intraocular pressure is the most reliable indicator
C. Correct. If there are other habits then the argument breaks
D. We already have a correlation so this is not very helpful in supporting or refuting the claim
E. This is irrelevant to the argument
Ans C
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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Conclusion: heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

A. If most volunteers had elevated readings at the start, then we doesn’t know whether heavy screen time during the study caused rapid increase or not.........Wrong
B. It only compares intraocular pressure as indicator of visual system health with other eye measurement type......Wrong
C. If during the study, the volunteers with heavy screen time also had another thing in common, than that thing in common might be the reason for increase in the intraocular pressure. .....Correct
D. This only tells about volunteers who use screen less than six hours per day......Wrong
E. In the argument, we only need to find whether the higher screen time caused it or not.....Wrong

C
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The conclusion in the question mentions that since elevated intraocular pressure (IP) (due to screen time of more than 6 hours per day) is associated with vision impairment - the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

Accordingly it asks that in order to assess the conclusion - what will be most useful
Option A - Among the volunteers whose IP was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevate readings at the start. - This seems partially correct - it mentions that we might need to start with those participant who had elevated readings at the beginning of the research itself - due to which the conclusion is derived. Let's check other options
Option B - IP is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements - this seems out of scope and incorrect
Option C - any other habits common among teenagers who use screen for more than 6 hours per day also causes IP to increase more quickly - This also seems correct - it might be the case that not only screen time but other factors might have impacted the screen time. Let's keep this in option as well
Option D - Any of the volunteers whose IP increased durinh the study used fewer than 6 six hours per day - this does not directly support the conclusion and hence wrong
Option E - vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated IP - This is also not related to conclusion hence incorrect

Now between Option A and Option C - I would opt for Option C since it directly mentions/ questions the conclusion. Hence option C
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The correct answer is C.

Let's check all the statements.
A)Knowing if they already had high pressure at the start doesn't help us determine if screen use accelerated the pressure.

B) The argument already states that the high intraocular pressure is linked to vision impairment. We do not need to know if it's the most reliable indicator overall, just whether screens cause it.

C)The answer to this either strengthens or weakens our conclusion.
If the answer is Yes, the food habits of teenagers cause the increase in eye pressure, which weakens our argument because the screens might not be the problem at all.

If the answer is No, there are no other shared habits that affect eye pressure. This strengthens the argument by eliminating outside culprits and leaving screens as the likely cause.

D) Knowing that some people with less screen time also had rising eye pressure doesn't change the fact that the heavy screen users experienced it more quickly.

E) The conclusion only claims that heavy screen use contributes to vision problems via eye pressure. It doesn't claim that eye pressure is the only way to get vision problems.
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A It helps rule out pre-existing conditions, but doesn't address whether screen use itself is the cause.

B It helps validate the link to vision health, but doesn't address the screen-use causal claim.

C Right answer. It directly targets whether screen use or other habits are the real cause.

D It only confirms that the effect isn't exclusive to heavy users, which is irrelevant to the causal link.

E It acknowledges other causes of vision impairment, but doesn't weaken the specific screen-pressure link.

Answer C
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Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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A. This information is not relevant. Even if some volunteers had high readings that doesn't help in anything. Eliminate A.

B. We are not measuring accuracy. Not helpful. Eliminate B.

C. Knowing this could be helpful. Say a third factor stress is the cause of both. Then the reason is stress not screen usage. Keep.

D. Not helpful. We are looking at cumulative study. Eliminate D.

E. In this passage we are only focusing on one factor. Eliminate E.

Option C is best.
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A Whether those with the highest final IOP started with high IOP doesn't matter. "Increase" matters.

B Whether IOP is the best indicator of eye health is not central to the claim.

C If teenagers who use screens heavily also share another habit that independently causes IOP to rise, then the observed association might not be due to screen use at all. Correct answer.

D Even if some more occasional users' IOP increased, heavy users could still have increased more quickly.

E Vision impairment may have many causes, but that is irrelevant to the argument.

The answer is C
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Correlation in the study translated to causation in the conclusion.
We need to see the strength of the correlation.

Do the screens really cause the phenomenon or not? Maybe, teens with poor eyesight are attracted to screens, maybe something else they do throughout their day causes the occurrence.

(A) Would help a little, but what about teens, who don't have high pressure at the start of the study. Do screens cause the phenomenon or not? not helpful.
(B) No. Because, the conclusion is only limited to the phenomenon and not other measurements, so it's irrelevant.
(C) Similar to one of our predictions. Yes.
(D) Similar to (B) because the conclusion is limited, that data is irrelevant.
(E) Same as D. not relevant. We must see if the evidence proves this conclusion only and not others.

Answer (C)
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
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