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10 Oct 2018, 03:49
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Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individuals, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin's claim, of the study described above？
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous as the users of the private land?
(E) Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no private land, for grazing?
"Hardin" Resolve Paradox Question
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin's claim, of the study described above？
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous as the users of the private land?
(E) Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no private land, for grazing?
"Hardin" Resolve Paradox Question
05 Jul 2019, 19:42
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rish2708
Hi nightblade354 / GMATNinja / VeritasKarishma ma'am,
Can you please help me to opt out option B?
Option B says that the ranchers might prefer to use common land and study has studied their lands. Since, we know that the ranchers would prefer common land, there is an indication that they might use the common land for grazing and YET the study reports that the common lands are in better condition. Doesn't this weaken Hardin's claim?
If such is the case, doesn't knowing this information help the study to weaken the Hardin's claim?
Then how does the OG says that the PREFERENCE of the ranchers is irrelevant? Please help me understand this?
Regards,
Rishav
According to Hardin, common land would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Note that Hardin does not say anything about the ranchers' preferences. Maybe the ranchers do prefer common land. Hardin would say, "I don't care how often ranchers choose common land over private land -- my point is that when they DO choose common land (for whatever reason), that common land is used less carefully than private grazing land."Can you please help me to opt out option B?
Option B says that the ranchers might prefer to use common land and study has studied their lands. Since, we know that the ranchers would prefer common land, there is an indication that they might use the common land for grazing and YET the study reports that the common lands are in better condition. Doesn't this weaken Hardin's claim?
If such is the case, doesn't knowing this information help the study to weaken the Hardin's claim?
Then how does the OG says that the PREFERENCE of the ranchers is irrelevant? Please help me understand this?
Regards,
Rishav
Now we have a study comparing (A) 217 million acres of common grazing land to (B) 433 million acres of private grazing land. Again, the ranchers' preferences are not important. All that matters is that we have some lands that are used for common grazing (A) and some lands that are used for private grazing (B).
If ranchers treat all grazing land the same, regardless of whether it is common or private, then, all else equal, we would expect NO difference in the condition of the two types of lands. If Hardin is right and common grazing land is used less carefully than private grazing land, we would expect (again, all else equal) the private land to be in better condition than the public land. But the study shows that the COMMON land was in better condition... how do we explain that?
Quote:
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
Sure, it is POSSIBLE that the ranchers' preferences impact how they treat the land (MAYBE they treat common land better if they prefer common land?). But we have no idea whether that's the case. Answering (B) may or may not help us evaluate the significance of the study in relation to Hardin's claim.
Quote:
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
Choice (C), on the other hand, will DEFINITELY help us evaluate the significance of the study. If, for example, the private land was in terrible shape prior to grazing while the common land was in great shape, then we could argue that the study does not necessarily go against Hardin's claim. On the other hand, if both private and common lands were in great shape prior to grazing, then we could argue that the study DOES go against Hardin's claim.The answer to the question posed in choice (C) -- regardless of what the answer is -- will surely be relevant to the significance of the study in relation to Hardin's claim. The answer to the question in (B), however, MIGHT be relevant... depending on what the answer is and what kinds of assumptions we make. That makes (C) a much better choice.
I hope this helps!
tarunanandani
Joined: 01 Apr 2018
Last visit: 09 Jul 2019
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Location: India
Schools: INSEAD Jan '20
GMAT 1: 650 Q49 V30
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10 Oct 2018, 10:37
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Bunuel
Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individuals, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin's claim, of the study described above？
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous as the users of the private land?
(E) Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no private land, for grazing?
"Hardin" Resolve Paradox Question
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin's claim, of the study described above？
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and private land?
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using common land over using private land for grazing?
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the common land before either was used for grazing?
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as prosperous as the users of the private land?
(E) Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no private land, for grazing?
"Hardin" Resolve Paradox Question
IMO C.
Hardin's claim: Common land condition tends to be worse than the private land condition because of over usage of common lands.
Paradox: A study shows that common land was in better condition than private land.
Option C resolves this paradox by asking the right question that whether the condition of common and private land was comparable enough before the start of the study. It is possible that private lands studied were in lot worse condition than the common lands to start with and hence the study's result will bear no implication on the Hardin's claim. Hence option C is the correct choice.
