HOT Competition 31 Aug/8PM: Since 2010 when the collateralised loan ob

A. Since 2010 when the collateralised loan obligations market became double to $600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C,

1. “became double to” is unidiomatic because now “to” is a part of the verb “became”, not “double”.
2. “the default rates increased” is less preferable to “have increased”. The present perfect tense make more sense because of “since 2010” and because nothing suggests that the sentence was written from the past point.


B. Since 2010 when the collateralised loan obligations market have become double to $ 600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C,

1. “have become” – the present perfect tense makes no sense because doubling took place in 2010. The simple past is needed.
2. “become double to” is unidiomatic because now “to” is a part of the verb “became”, not “double”.
3. 2. “the default rates increased” is less preferable to “have increased”. The present perfect tense make more sense because of “since 2010” and because nothing suggests that the sentence was written from the past point.


C. Since 2010 when the collateralised loan obligations market became double to $ 600 billion, the default rates had increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C,

1. “became double to” is unidiomatic because now “to” is a part of the verb “became”, not “double”.
2. “had increased” – the usage of the past perfect is ungrounded. Nothing in the sentence hints that a certain action transpired before another or some time point.


D. Since 2010 when the collateralised loan obligations market doubled to $ 600 billion, the default rates have increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C,

Bingo, the correct answer. Correct usage of tenses and the verb “double to”.


E. doubled to $600 billion, the default rates had increased to 22% with as many as half the loan pools slipping to triple –C,

1. “had increased” – the usage of the past perfect is ungrounded. Nothing in the sentence hints that a certain action transpired before another or some time point.
2. “as many as half the loan pools” is incorrect because the authors doesn’t talk about the types or numbers of loan pools, but about the amount of loan pools.


Hence D

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IMO D

Uses of Tense: Here in this question, it's very easy to find the answer if we strike out additional information & look to remaining sentence to make sense in term of tense. Sequence of events: Market doubled -> default increase till now.
Since= A point of time in past to till date. Perfect tense is preferred with "Since"
Redundancy: Became double- "Double" itself means became two times, so use of became is redundant.

Since 2010 when the collateralised loan obligations market became double to $600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C, the lowest tier.

A. became double to $600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C, - Incorrect -
The sentence implies that " In 2010 two things happened- market doubled & rates increased, but what after since 2010 isn't clear with current sentence structure".
Sequencing of events is wrong (here both at same time). Use of past tense with "Since" is incorrect here.In a definite time frame simple past is used. eg- the rates increased in 1950.
Also "doubled" means the same as "became doubled" so no need to use the extra word.

B. have become double to $ 600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C ,- Incorrect -
Use of past tense with "Since" is incorrect here [ a Present perfect tense is required].In a definite time frame simple past is used. eg- the rates increased in 1950.
"A Pool of People, money,things is "Countable" so "as many as" is required.
Also "doubled" means the same as "became doubled" so no need to use the extra word

C. became double to $ 600 billion, the default rates had increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C ,- Incorrect -
Past perfect tense is used to sequencing of actions. Here the only other action is " marked doubled", but going by the sentence chronology - first, default rates increases, then market doubled" which isn't the intended meaning of original post.
Also "doubled" means the same as "became doubled" so no need to use the extra word

D. doubled to $ 600 billion, the default rates have increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C - Correct - This option takes into account correct sequence of events, first market doubled , and then on default rates have increased.

E. doubled to $600 billion, the default rates had increased to 22% with [color=#ff000] as many as half the loan pools slipping to triple –C, Incorrect -
Sequencing of tense is not correct here. As per this sentence, Default rates increased, then market doubled, which is opposite of what the sentence conveys.

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Since 2010 when the collateralised loan obligations market became double to $600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C, the lowest tier.

1) 'became double' VS 'have become double' VS 'doubled'
2) 'increased' VS 'had increased' VS 'have increased'
Which tenses are appropriate here? Let's analyse...

A. became double to $600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C, --> 'something doubled' is more concise than 'something became double', and 'Since 2010' is the tense indicator for perfect tense, but this choice doesn't have any perfect tense. OUT.

B. have become double to $ 600 billion, the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C , --> 'When' always uses with past simple tense, so using 'When+present perfect tense' is wrong. OUT.

C. became double to $ 600 billion, the default rates had increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C, --> This choice has illogical meaning by using 'past tense, past perfect tense' because the collateralised loan obligations market doubled first, and then the default rates increased.

D. doubled to $ 600 billion, the default rates have increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C --> CORRECT. This choice means the collateralised loan obligations market doubled first, then the default rates have increased.

E. doubled to $600 billion, the default rates had increased to 22% with as many as half the loan pools slipping to triple –C, --> Incorrect by using 'past tense, past perfect tense'. Same as C.

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Let me explain.

# 1. Verb Tense
- There is "since" in the sentence, showing that "present perfect or past perfect" should be used.
# 2. The meaning
- The event "the collateralised loan obligations market became double to $600 billion" should occur before the default rates increased to 22% with as much as half the loan pools slipping to triple-C"

The process of elimination.

- Verb tense error as # 1. There is no using perfect tense here.
- The meaning is incorrect as # 2. Two events occur at the same time.
Out.


- The meaning error (#2). This choice means that the first event occurs before the latter event.
Out.


- The meaning error (#2). This choice means that the first event occurs before the second event.
Out.


- This choice is matched with #1 and #2.
Keep it.


- Same as C.
Out.

So I choose D

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