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egmat GMATNinja - In B, is 'Jumped' acting as a verb or a modifier. Ideally it should be a modifier because Number cannot perform the act of Jumping, isn't it? can you please help!!
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egmat GMATNinja - In B, is 'Jumped' acting as a verb or a modifier. Ideally it should be a modifier because Number cannot perform the act of Jumping, isn't it? can you please help!!
First of all, if "jumped" is NOT a verb, what is the main verb in (B)? "Declaring" modifies "citizens", so we are stuck with "jumped" as the verb.

And that's perfectly okay. This doesn't mean that the number put on some Air Jordans and LITERALLY jumped. It simply means that there was a sudden/significant change in the number, i.e.: "The price of Air Jordans jumped 500% before Christmas."

Or: "Charles's weight jumped 20% after Christmas dinner." :-P
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please help me understand the role of restrictive clause *who declared themselves v/s 'declaring themselves'

what is the difference in the meaning in given question?
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mansianand1234
please help me understand the role of restrictive clause *who declared themselves v/s 'declaring themselves'

what is the difference in the meaning in given question?
Luckily, (C) and (D) have other issues:

  • (C) is out right away because of the verb tense ("has jumped" doesn't make sense with "in 1997").
  • The word "at" is a problem in choice (D). The number jumped TO 1.34 million, not AT 1.34 million. You could also argue that "jumped by almost 20 percent" is a bit better than "jumped almost by 20 percent" since the "almost" modifies the percentage, but that's only a small vote in favor of (B) over (D).

As for "who declared" vs "declaring," the phrase "who declared" makes it sound like we are talking about ALL citizens who declared themselves bankrupt at ANY time in the past (if Tim declared bankruptcy in 1990, would he be counted in 1997 as a citizen who declared bankruptcy?).

In (B), "declaring" makes it a little more clear that we are talking only about citizens declaring bankruptcy in 1997. That makes more sense, giving us one last vote in favor of (B) over (D).

I hope that helps!
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Thankyou for your reply

GMATNinja
possible to share few more examples where use of RPC is contrasted with ing/ed verbal use?


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mansianand1234
please help me understand the role of restrictive clause *who declared themselves v/s 'declaring themselves'

what is the difference in the meaning in given question?
Luckily, (C) and (D) have other issues:

  • (C) is out right away because of the verb tense ("has jumped" doesn't make sense with "in 1997").
  • The word "at" is a problem in choice (D). The number jumped TO 1.34 million, not AT 1.34 million. You could also argue that "jumped by almost 20 percent" is a bit better than "jumped almost by 20 percent" since the "almost" modifies the percentage, but that's only a small vote in favor of (B) over (D).

As for "who declared" vs "declaring," the phrase "who declared" makes it sound like we are talking about ALL citizens who declared themselves bankrupt at ANY time in the past (if Tim declared bankruptcy in 1990, would he be counted in 1997 as a citizen who declared bankruptcy?).

In (B), "declaring" makes it a little more clear that we are talking only about citizens declaring bankruptcy in 1997. That makes more sense, giving us one last vote in favor of (B) over (D).

I hope that helps!
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mansianand1234
Thankyou for your reply

GMATNinja
possible to share few more examples where use of RPC is contrasted with ing/ed verbal use?
The difference between "RPC" and "-ing/-ed verbal" isn't something that appears frequently as a major decision point on SC questions, so unfortunately no other examples come to mind -- and that's probably a good thing, in a way. But if you see it come up and have questions, feel free to tag us, and we'll do our best to help.
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egmat MartyTargetTestPrep AndrewN
in option d) if we replace 'at' to 'to', then both declaring and who will be modifying citizens. Then how can one decide what's the right answer?
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egmat MartyTargetTestPrep AndrewN
in option d) if we replace 'at' to 'to', then both declaring and who will be modifying citizens. Then how can one decide what's the right answer?

Bit nuanced but one thing to look at may be the order of JUMPED BY ALMOST compared to JUMPED ALMOST BY.
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mansianand1234
please help me understand the role of restrictive clause *who declared themselves v/s 'declaring themselves'

what is the difference in the meaning in given question?
Luckily, (C) and (D) have other issues:

  • (C) is out right away because of the verb tense ("has jumped" doesn't make sense with "in 1997").
  • The word "at" is a problem in choice (D). The number jumped TO 1.34 million, not AT 1.34 million. You could also argue that "jumped by almost 20 percent" is a bit better than "jumped almost by 20 percent" since the "almost" modifies the percentage, but that's only a small vote in favor of (B) over (D).

As for "who declared" vs "declaring," the phrase "who declared" makes it sound like we are talking about ALL citizens who declared themselves bankrupt at ANY time in the past (if Tim declared bankruptcy in 1990, would he be counted in 1997 as a citizen who declared bankruptcy?).

In (B), "declaring" makes it a little more clear that we are talking only about citizens declaring bankruptcy in 1997. That makes more sense, giving us one last vote in favor of (B) over (D).

I hope that helps!


GMATNinja

Despite x, y is the structure. If we start sentence with “despite,” what matters is that the independent clause is needed there to balance out other hand of the sentence.

But in option D,
In 1997, despite an economy that marked its sixth full year of uninterrupted expansion with the lowest jobless rate in a quarter century, the number of United States citizens who declared themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent..

Here, structure is: Despite + Noun phrase, + the number of United States citizens + who and dependable clause.

Better structure is: Despite + Noun phrase, + independent clause as in option B.

Is my understanding fine?
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in option d) if we replace 'at' to 'to', then both declaring and who will be modifying citizens. Then how can one decide what's the right answer?
As GmatTutorKnight brought up, "by almost 20 percent" in (B) is better than "almost by 20 percent" in (D). In (D), "almost" is not next to what it logically modifies, "20 percent."
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mansianand1234
please help me understand the role of restrictive clause *who declared themselves v/s 'declaring themselves'

what is the difference in the meaning in given question?

Luckily, (C) and (D) have other issues:

    * is out right away because of the verb tense ("has jumped" doesn't make sense with "in 1997").

  • The word "at" is a problem in choice (D). The number jumped TO 1.34 million, not AT 1.34 million. You could also argue that "jumped by almost 20 percent" is a bit better than "jumped almost by 20 percent" since the "almost" modifies the percentage, but that's only a small vote in favor of (B) over (D).

As for "who declared" vs "declaring," the phrase "who declared" makes it sound like we are talking about ALL citizens who declared themselves bankrupt at ANY time in the past (if Tim declared bankruptcy in 1990, would he be counted in 1997 as a citizen who declared bankruptcy?).

In (B), "declaring" makes it a little more clear that we are talking only about citizens declaring bankruptcy in 1997. That makes more sense, giving us one last vote in favor of (B) over (D).

I hope that helps!

GMATNinja

Despite x, y is the structure. If we start sentence with “despite,” what matters is that the independent clause is needed there to balance out other hand of the sentence.

But in option D,

In 1997, despite an economy that marked its sixth full year of uninterrupted expansion with the lowest jobless rate in a quarter century, the number of United States citizens who declared themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent..

Here, structure is: Despite + Noun phrase, + the number of United States citizens + who and dependable clause.

Better structure is: Despite + Noun phrase, + independent clause as in option B.

Is my understanding fine?
The main subject-verb pair is the same in both (B) and (D):

    (B) the number of United States citizens declaring themselves bankrupt jumped by almost 20 percent

    (D) the number of United States citizens who declared themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent

So both sentences actually do have an independent clause ("the number {...} jumped").

I hope that helps!
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In 1997, despite an economy that marked its sixth full year of uninterrupted expansion with the lowest jobless rate in a quarter century, the number of United States citizens declaring themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20 percent, at 1.34 million.

Option Elimination -

(A) declaring themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20 percent, at - "has jumped" is wrong. We have a time marker. This happened in 1997.

(B) declaring themselves bankrupt jumped by almost 20 percent, to - As GMATNinja also explained, declaring ....is better than who declared as we aren't concerned about everyone who declared bankruptcy (bit ambiguous if it's just 1997 or even before) but the ones declaring in 1997 is better as ING modifier doesn't talk about the time when it happened. So we look at "in 1997" for the when, and it's clear that they were declaring bankruptcy in 1997. Also, Jumped TO is right in this context. "jumped at" conveys the sense of eagerness to seize an opportunity, E.g., When she heard about the job promotion, she jumped at the chance to apply. In the same context, "jumped to" can be used to mean an impulsive response to a situation, E.g., He jumped to the conclusion that she was guilty without any evidence.

(C) who declared themselves bankrupt has jumped by almost 20 percent, to - "has jumped" is wrong. We have a time marker. This happened in 1997.

(D) who declared themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent, at - ING is better to limit to just 1997. And Jumped to is better here.

(E) to declare themselves bankrupt jumped almost by 20 percent, at - "to declare" is wrong - they are not about to declare now; this event already happened in the past.
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