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10 Oct 2025, 11:19
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Question 1
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
38% (03:45) correct
62%
(03:49) wrong
based on 37
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Instructions
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
Acting out dreams marks a disorder that occurs during the rapid eye moverment (REM) phase of sleep. Called RBD, for REM sleep behaviour disorder, it affects an estimated 0.5 to 1.25 percent of the general population and is more commonly reported in older adults, particularly men. Apart from being hazardous to dreamers and their partners, RBD may foreshadow neurodegenerative disease, primarily synucleinopathies-conditions in which the protein a-synuclein forms toxic clumps in the brain.
Not all nocturnal behaviours are RBD. Sleepwalking and sleep talking, which occur more often during childhood and adolescence, take place during non-REM sleep. This difference is clearly distinguishable in a sleep laboratory, where clinicians can monitor stages of sleep to see when a person moves.
When RBD occurs in the absence of these alternative explanations, the chance of future disease is high. Some epidemiological studies suggest that enacted dreaming predicts a more than 80 percent chance of developing a neurodegenerative disease within the patient's lifetime. It may also be the first sign of neurodegenerative disease, which on average shows up within 10 to 15 years after onset of the dream disorder.
One of the most common RBD-linked allments is Parkinson's disease, characterized mainly by progressive loss of motor control. Another is Lewy body dementia, in which small clusters of a-synuclein called Lewy bodies build up in the brain, disrupting movement and cognition. A third type of synucleinopathy, multiple system atrophy, interferes with both movement and Involuntary functions such as digestion. RBD is one of the strongest harbingers of future synucleinopathy, more predictive than other early markers such as chronic constipation and a diminished sense of smell.
Which of the following, if true, would weaken the correlation between RBDs and synucleinopathies?
A)Researchers today mostly rely on a range of other markers, such as diminished smell and motor control, to determine the susceptibility to synucleinopathies.
B)RBD-linked ailments such as Parkinson's could have multiple trigger points that include, but are not limited to, advancing age, head trauma, environmental factors, and genetics.
C)Determining RBD In conventional clinical setups is challenging because monitoring sleep patterns tend to be erratic and inconsistent over a given span of time.
D)Over the past decade, nocturnal behaviours such as sleepwalking have been observed in REM stages in adults in the age group 30-50, and have often been indicative of neurodegenerative diseases.
E)RBD can be triggered by certain drugs such as antidepressants or caused by other underlying conditions such as narcolepsy or a brain stem tumour.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow:
Acting out dreams marks a disorder that occurs during the rapid eye moverment (REM) phase of sleep. Called RBD, for REM sleep behaviour disorder, it affects an estimated 0.5 to 1.25 percent of the general population and is more commonly reported in older adults, particularly men. Apart from being hazardous to dreamers and their partners, RBD may foreshadow neurodegenerative disease, primarily synucleinopathies-conditions in which the protein a-synuclein forms toxic clumps in the brain.
Not all nocturnal behaviours are RBD. Sleepwalking and sleep talking, which occur more often during childhood and adolescence, take place during non-REM sleep. This difference is clearly distinguishable in a sleep laboratory, where clinicians can monitor stages of sleep to see when a person moves.
When RBD occurs in the absence of these alternative explanations, the chance of future disease is high. Some epidemiological studies suggest that enacted dreaming predicts a more than 80 percent chance of developing a neurodegenerative disease within the patient's lifetime. It may also be the first sign of neurodegenerative disease, which on average shows up within 10 to 15 years after onset of the dream disorder.
One of the most common RBD-linked allments is Parkinson's disease, characterized mainly by progressive loss of motor control. Another is Lewy body dementia, in which small clusters of a-synuclein called Lewy bodies build up in the brain, disrupting movement and cognition. A third type of synucleinopathy, multiple system atrophy, interferes with both movement and Involuntary functions such as digestion. RBD is one of the strongest harbingers of future synucleinopathy, more predictive than other early markers such as chronic constipation and a diminished sense of smell.
Which of the following, if true, would weaken the correlation between RBDs and synucleinopathies?
A)Researchers today mostly rely on a range of other markers, such as diminished smell and motor control, to determine the susceptibility to synucleinopathies.
B)RBD-linked ailments such as Parkinson's could have multiple trigger points that include, but are not limited to, advancing age, head trauma, environmental factors, and genetics.
C)Determining RBD In conventional clinical setups is challenging because monitoring sleep patterns tend to be erratic and inconsistent over a given span of time.
D)Over the past decade, nocturnal behaviours such as sleepwalking have been observed in REM stages in adults in the age group 30-50, and have often been indicative of neurodegenerative diseases.
E)RBD can be triggered by certain drugs such as antidepressants or caused by other underlying conditions such as narcolepsy or a brain stem tumour.
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10 Oct 2025, 22:56
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Ah, so i choose C first but after reading it again I do understand why E would be the correct choice. So although C weakens but E weakens it more strongly. Because it directly plays on correlation between RBD & synucleinopathy.
How? lets understand. So, firstly C says that there might be difficulty in determining RBD since tracking that is difficult so -> possible outcome could be that it was wrongly diagnosed but this doesn't directly weaken the correlation between RBD and future synucleinopathy.
For as for E, it says RBD can be developed due to other reasons and since the base of our RBD & synucleinpathy correlation was that RBD develops due to origins related to the same but if we say that RBD is getting diagnosed for other casues too then it would weaken the correlation between the two as now it won't mean that RBD would then cause future synucleinopathy
Hope it helps a little. i found this one to be quite tricky
How? lets understand. So, firstly C says that there might be difficulty in determining RBD since tracking that is difficult so -> possible outcome could be that it was wrongly diagnosed but this doesn't directly weaken the correlation between RBD and future synucleinopathy.
For as for E, it says RBD can be developed due to other reasons and since the base of our RBD & synucleinpathy correlation was that RBD develops due to origins related to the same but if we say that RBD is getting diagnosed for other casues too then it would weaken the correlation between the two as now it won't mean that RBD would then cause future synucleinopathy
Hope it helps a little. i found this one to be quite tricky
