Quote:
It is true that unionized women earn, on average, more than a third more than nonunionized women do. But the unionized women work in industries where wages happen to be high, their nonunionized counterparts in these industries earn about as much as they do. Therefore unionization does not raise women’s wages.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) Besides wage increases, unions bargain for benefits such as medical insurance and workplace safety.
(B) The most highly paid women are in executive positions, which are not unionized.
(C) Wages in many industries vary from one part of the country to another, regardless of whether workers are unionized or not.
(D) Nonunionized women in an industry often receive income increases as a result of increases won by unions representing women who work for other employers in the same industry.
(E) The unionization of women who work for one employer in a given industry frequently prompts the unionization of women who work for other employers in the same industry.
Premise: Unionized women earn, on average, 33%+ more than nonunionized women.
Premise: Unionized women work in industries where wages happen to be higher than the industries in which nonunionized women work.
Conclusion: unionization isn’t the cause of women’s higher wages.
We’re looking to weaken the argument.
A. This is about other benefits. The question is only about wages.
B. We’re talking about averages, and this answer doesn’t give us much information. It could be about the two highest paid women, but that’s not helpful for the argument.
C. Again, we’re talking averages, which should control for variations in local compensation.
D. If the conclusion is based on the fact that the industries that pay more are more likely to include unions, and it’s the industries that are the cause of the difference in pay instead of the unions, this would weaken that assumption. If the unions are increasing wages directly for their members and indirectly for nonmembers in the same industry, then unionization would still be the cause of all of these women’s higher wages.
E. This choice doesn’t discuss wages, so it’s not helpful.
Best answer: D