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27 Aug 2012, 18:33
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Let me Start with some notes I put together, later 4 questions which test this. I am not an expert, so feel free to throw your arguments against me. Happy to learn from them
Participles - these are used as adjectives
****NOTE - present participles should not be confused with gerunds which are also -ing words which are used as nouns
****NOTE - present/past participles should not be confused with verbs
So, only if this -ing/-ed word is used as an adjective, we can call this a participle.
Examples where these are not participles
1) when the sentence is in the form
A <did/slept/created/washed> B - all these verbs
A <is doing/is sleeping/ is cleaning/ is going> B - all these verbs
2) when the -ing modifier is the noun
Playing is fun - playing is the noun
I hate eating outside - eating is the noun (OBJ)
but there are other Modifiers which can be used
but when used as a modifier for a noun(or a noun phrase), they are adjectives
A, who was ...,
B, which runs...,
C that ran
*****NOTE: Difference between which and that - 1) comma needed for which and not normally present for that 2) that shows only a subset of the noun is talked about here. Eg.
Grass, which is green, .... - means Grass is described as green or is always green
Grass that is green .... - means grass could be green or other colors, but we want to restrict to the green grass alone
So, how will participle parallelism be used/tested
Rules
1) Participles have to be parallel - both need not be in the same tense
The statues [(weathered by the storms) and (shaken by the earthquakes)] are still standing after all these years - I think this is correct, This is my own sentence, so - please correct me if I am wrong
The statues [(weathering through the storms) and (shaken by the earthquakes)] are still standing after all these years - Dont think weather and shaken are different tenses, so they are not parallel or cannot make sense in one sentence. This applies only to verbs - modifiers can have different tenses as long as they make sense
2) They need to stand alone as modifiers. Read them out seperately, if they sound good, they can stay as a choice
The statues [(weathered through the storms) and (shaken by the earthquakes)] are still standing after all these years
Read it out seperately
The statues [(weathered through the storms) are still standing after all these years - sounds weird
The statues [(weathered through the storms) - this does not sound weird (weathered is the verb here
The statues are still standing after all these years - this does not sound weird (are/"are standing" is the verb here. ok, i am not sure which of these is the verb
The statues [(shaken by the earthquakes) are still standing after all these years - sounds fine
3) Determine who does the action and who get acted upon, this will help in determining which one we need
4) certain words like by indicate need for past participle. I dont know the list of all words. Will update this list if I find any other
Now for some questions which I have struggeled with
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Phillipines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.
a. found in the Phillipines and that resembles
b. found in the Phillipines and that, resembling
c. found in the Phillipines and resembling
d. that is found in the Phillipines and it resembles
e. that is found in the Phillipines, resembling
The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language
variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation.
A. which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
B. that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
C. originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
D. originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
E. originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating
Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,300 years ago and extending for more than 33 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
(A) extending
(B) extends
(C) extended
(D) it extended
(E) is extending
The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.
(A) which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(B) which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and which differed
(C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(D) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differed
(E) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
Answers:
please let me know if this is useful, I will write out my notes for my other tough topics. yes, the tough list for me is huge....
Participles - these are used as adjectives
- Present participle - (mostly -ing words)
- Past paticiple - (mostly -ed words)
****NOTE - present participles should not be confused with gerunds which are also -ing words which are used as nouns
****NOTE - present/past participles should not be confused with verbs
So, only if this -ing/-ed word is used as an adjective, we can call this a participle.
Examples where these are not participles
1) when the sentence is in the form
A <did/slept/created/washed> B - all these verbs
A <is doing/is sleeping/ is cleaning/ is going> B - all these verbs
2) when the -ing modifier is the noun
Playing is fun - playing is the noun
I hate eating outside - eating is the noun (OBJ)
but there are other Modifiers which can be used
but when used as a modifier for a noun(or a noun phrase), they are adjectives
A, who was ...,
B, which runs...,
C that ran
*****NOTE: Difference between which and that - 1) comma needed for which and not normally present for that 2) that shows only a subset of the noun is talked about here. Eg.
Grass, which is green, .... - means Grass is described as green or is always green
Grass that is green .... - means grass could be green or other colors, but we want to restrict to the green grass alone
So, how will participle parallelism be used/tested
Rules
1) Participles have to be parallel - both need not be in the same tense
The statues [(weathered by the storms) and (shaken by the earthquakes)] are still standing after all these years - I think this is correct, This is my own sentence, so - please correct me if I am wrong
The statues [(weathering through the storms) and (shaken by the earthquakes)] are still standing after all these years - Dont think weather and shaken are different tenses, so they are not parallel or cannot make sense in one sentence. This applies only to verbs - modifiers can have different tenses as long as they make sense
2) They need to stand alone as modifiers. Read them out seperately, if they sound good, they can stay as a choice
The statues [(weathered through the storms) and (shaken by the earthquakes)] are still standing after all these years
Read it out seperately
The statues [(weathered through the storms) are still standing after all these years - sounds weird
The statues [(weathered through the storms) - this does not sound weird (weathered is the verb here
The statues are still standing after all these years - this does not sound weird (are/"are standing" is the verb here. ok, i am not sure which of these is the verb
The statues [(shaken by the earthquakes) are still standing after all these years - sounds fine
3) Determine who does the action and who get acted upon, this will help in determining which one we need
4) certain words like by indicate need for past participle. I dont know the list of all words. Will update this list if I find any other
Now for some questions which I have struggeled with
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Phillipines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.
a. found in the Phillipines and that resembles
b. found in the Phillipines and that, resembling
c. found in the Phillipines and resembling
d. that is found in the Phillipines and it resembles
e. that is found in the Phillipines, resembling
The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language
variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation.
A. which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
B. that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
C. originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
D. originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
E. originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating
Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,300 years ago and extending for more than 33 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
(A) extending
(B) extends
(C) extended
(D) it extended
(E) is extending
The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.
(A) which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(B) which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and which differed
(C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(D) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differed
(E) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
Answers:
Answers - CDAE
please let me know if this is useful, I will write out my notes for my other tough topics. yes, the tough list for me is huge....
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01 Jul 2014, 08:43
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can i get explanation for this 4 questions. .? please !
01 Jul 2014, 23:39
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catchkinnu
The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.
(A) which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(B) which was determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and which differed
(C) which were determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
(D) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differed
(E) determined by when the sun reached the observer’s meridian and differing
which in the above sentence modifying the local times - if we use determined directly it will be modifying local times only as Verb ED modifier follows the proximity rule. Additionally, 'and' is used to connect linked clauses - differing 'ING modifier' will modify the local times too. As a whole makes the sentence concise and correct.
