MODIFIER Set (700-800) Although covered in about 11 inches

Question

1. Although covered in about 11 inches of snow,  aviation officials said that conditions on the 
runway at the time of the emergency landing was acceptable .

• aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing was 
acceptable 
• the runway conditions during the emergency landing were acceptable according to aviation 
officials 
• according to aviation officials, the runway was in acceptable condition during the time of the 
emergency landing 
• the runway was in acceptable condition during the emergency landing, according to aviation 
officials 
• aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing were 
acceptable

2. Discouraged by new data that show increases in toxic emissions from domestic factories, 
 searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the 
nation’s leading manufacturing companies.

• searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the 
nation’s leading manufacturing companies 
• searches are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing 
companies who are looking for alternative investment opportunities 
• shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies had begun searching for 
investment opportunities outside of the manufacturing industry 
• the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative investment 
opportunities for its shareholders 
• shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative 
investment opportunities

3. Found in the wild only in Australia and New Guinea,  powerful back legs with long feet 
distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals.

• powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals 
• powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other mammals that are large 
• powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from those of other mammals that are 
large 
• kangaroos are distinguished from other large mammals by powerful legs with long feet 
• kangaroos are being distinguished from other mammals that are large by powerful legs with 
long feet

4. Responding to growing demand for high-end vehicles,  the interiors of the newest models are 
so luxurious that they sell  for nearly twice the price of last year's models.

• the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell 
• the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that the cars are sold 
• auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models that are so luxurious that they sell 
• the interior of the newest models are so luxurious that they are sold 
• auto makers have installed such luxurious interiors in the newest models that these cars sell

5. By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations,  it is possible to 
determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s products in order to 
meet its goals in both the short and long terms.

• it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s 
products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms 
• a company’s managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the 
company’s products in order to meet its short and long term goals 
• it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of 
the company’s products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term 
• it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated 
to each of these products in order to meet the company’s short and long term goals 
• managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of 
these products in order to meet the company’s goals in both the short and long term

6. Given its authoritative coverage of other science topics,  the textbook's chapter on genetics is 
surprisingly tentative, which leads  one to doubt the author's scholarship in that particular area.

• the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative, which leads 
• the chapter of the textbook on genetics is surprisingly tentative, leading 
• the textbook contains a surprising and tentative chapter on genetics, which leads 
• the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative and leads 
• the textbook is surprisingly tentative in its chapter on genetics, leading

7. Hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution,  the fossils of a large scaly creature 
resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of  a possible link in the 
evolutionary chain from water-based to land-based organisms.

• the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence 
of 
• a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provides fossils that are 
evidence 
• a large scaly creature, whose fossils resemble both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence 
of 
• the fossils of a large scaly creature, which resembles both a fish and a land-animal, provides 
evidence of 
• the fossils of a large scaly creature resemble both a fish and a land-animal and provide 
evidence of

8. Hoping to alleviate some of the financial burdens of a growing population,  property taxes last 
year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government.

• property taxes last year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government 
• property taxes were raised by eleven percent last year by the county government 
• the county government raised property taxes by an eleven percent increase last year 
• the county government last year raised by eleven percent property taxes 
• the county government raised property taxes by eleven percent last year

9. In order to properly evaluate a patient’s state of mind and gain informed consent prior to 
surgery,  a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient 
to become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure.

• a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient to 
become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure 
• the operating physician and the patient must spend a substantial amount of time together, 
thus ensuring full awareness of the pros and cons of undergoing the surgical procedure 
• the patient must spend a substantial amount of time with his or her operating physician, thus 
ensuring that he or she has been made fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing the 
surgical procedure 
• the operating physician must spend a substantial amount of time with the patient, thus 
ensuring that the patient is fully aware of the pros and cons of accepting the undergoing 
procedure 
• the operating physician must ensure that he or she is fully aware of the pros and cons of 
undergoing a surgical procedure by spending a substantial amount of time with the patient

10. Many daring vacationers who participate in guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River  encounter 
native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses are peaking out  from the 
surface of the murky water.

• encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,whose eyes and noses are peaking out 
• encountered native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses peak out 
• had encountered native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses peak out 
• encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses peaking out 
• encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses that are peaking out

11.  Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish 
power  only after a long struggle by the native people.

• Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish 
power 
• Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power 
• Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished 
power 
• Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished 
power 
• Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power
 
12. Used until the end of the Second World War,  the German army employed the U-boat to attack 
both military or  civilian watercraft.

• the German army employed the U-boat to attack both military or 
• the U-boat was employed by the German army to attack both military and 
• the U-boat employed the German army to attack both military or 
• the German army had employed the U-Boat to attack both military and the 
• the U-boat has been employed by the German army to attack both military and also

13.  Though most people take it for granted now, the nation wide admission of students to colleges 
and universities based on academic merit  is a relatively recent phenomenon, beginning only 
after World War II.

• Though most people take it for granted now, the nationwide admission of students to colleges 
and universities based on academic merit 
• Though it is now taken for granted by most people, the admission of nationwide students to 
colleges and universities based on academic merit 
• Now taken for granted by most people, colleges and universities admitting students based on 
their academic merit 
• Most take them for granted now, but the admission of nationwide students to colleges and 
universities based on their academic merit 
• Most people now take for granted that colleges and universities admit students nationally 
based on academic merit, and it

14. According to Italy's top anti-Mafia prosecutor,  the ailing mobster came to take refuge in 
Corleone, a town famous because of the “The Godfather” and near to those he most trusted. 
 
• the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone,a town famous because of “The 
Godfather” and near to those he most trusted 
• famous because of “The Godfather,” the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone, a 
town near to those he most trusted 
• the ailing mobster, famous because of “The Godfather,” came to take refuge in Corleone, a 
town near to those he most trusted 
• near to those he most trusted, the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone, a town 
famous because of “The Godfather” 
• Corleone, famous because of “The Godfather,” was thetown that the ailing mobster came to 
take refuge in because it was near to those he most trusted

15.  The author Herman Melville and the poet Walt Whitman are icons  of American literature, 
greatly beloved by generations past and present.

• The author Herman Melville and the poet Walt Whitman are icons 
• Herman Melville the author and Walt Whitman the poet are icons 
• The author named Herman Melville and the poet named Walt Whitman are great icons 
• The author, Herman Melville, and the poet, Walt Whitman, are icons 
• Herman Melville, the author, and Walt Whitman, the poet, had been icons

16. Jean-Jacques Rousseau contended that  man is good only when in "the state of nature" but is 
corrupted by society, that  compels man to compare himself to others.

• man is good only when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, that 
• only man is good when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, that 
• man is good when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted only by society, that 
• only man is good when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, which 
• man is good only when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, which

17.  Though the language of Beowulf is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, 
careful linguistic analysis reveals a multitude of similarities to modern English.
 
• Though the language of Beowulf is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, 
careful linguistic analysis reveals a multitude of similarities to modern English. 
• Despite that it is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, careful linguistic 
analysis reveals that the language of Beowulf has a multitude of similarities to modern English. 
• Though being practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, the language of Beowulf 
reveals through careful linguistic analysis a multitude of similarities to modern English. 
• Though Beowulf has a language that is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, 
a multitude of similarities are revealed to modern English through careful linguistic analysis. 
• Despite having practically incomprehensible language to contemporary readers, Beowulf 
reveals through careful linguistic analysis a multitude of similarities to modern English.

18.  Fusion, the process through which the sun produces heat and light, has been studied by 
scientists, some of whom have attempted to mimic the process intheir laboratories by blasting 
a container of liquid solvent with strong ultrasonic vibrations.

• Fusion, the process through which the sun produces heat and light, has been studied by 
scientists, 
• Fusion, the heat and light produced by the sun, has been studied by scientists, 
• Fusion, the process through which heat and light are produced by the sun, has been studied 
by scientists, 
• Scientists have studied fusion, the process the sun uses to produce heat and light, 
• Scientists have studied fusion, the process the sun uses to produce heat and light, and

19.  Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper crops, sugar beet and walnut in the region, but 
in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry.

• Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper crops,sugar beet and walnut in the region, but 
in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. 
• Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region, but 
in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. 
• Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region, but 
more effective pest-control methods that were introduced in the 1880s saved the citrus 
industry. 
• In the 1880s, pests destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the 
region and more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. 
• In the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry from what was 
destroying grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region.

20.  Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was 
revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the 
instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity.

• Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was 
revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the 
instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. 
• Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor played often in concert halls until it was revived by 
Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound 
despite its relative obscurity. 
• Classical guitar was not prestigious and was not often played in concert halls until Andres 
Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, after he was won over by the sound despite 
the instrument's relative obscurity. 
• Classical guitar did not have prestige nor was it performed often in concert halls until its 
revival by Andres Segovia, who in the mid-twentieth century was won over by the instrument's 
sound despite its relative obscurity. 
• Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until Andres 
Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, when he was won over by the sound of the 
relatively obscure instrument.

21.  The physicist Richard Feynman presented a comprehensive introduction to modern physics 
designed for undergraduate students in a two-year course.
 
• The physicist Richard Feynman presented a comprehensive introduction to modern physics 
designed for undergraduate students in a two-year course. 
• For undergraduate students, the physicist Richard Feynman presented a two-year course, 
being a comprehensive introduction to modern physics. 
• A comprehensive introduction was in a two-year course by the physicist Richard Feynman 
presenting to undergraduate students an introduction to modern physics. 
• Presenting a comprehensive introduction, the physicist Richard Feynman introduced modern 
physics in a two-year course designed for undergraduate students. 
• In a two-year course designed for undergraduate students, the physicist Richard Feynman 
presented a comprehensive introduction to modern physics.

22.  Descending approximately 4,000 years ago from the African wildcat, it has been an 
exceedingly short time for the domestic cat with respect to genetic evolution and it scarcely 
seems sufficient to allow the marked physical changes that transformed the animal.

• Descending approximately 4,000 years ago from the African wildcat, it has been an 
exceedingly short time for the domestic cat with respect to genetic evolution and it scarcely 
seems sufficient to allow the marked physical changes that transformed the animal. 
• The domestic cat descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, which is 
an exceedingly short time for the domestic cat's genetic evolution and scarcely sufficient for 
the marked physical changes that transformed the animal. 
• Descending from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, the domestic cat has had 
an exceedingly short time for its genetic evolution and has been scarcely sufficient for the 
marked physical changes in the animal. 
• Having descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, the domestic cat 
has had an exceedingly short time for its genetic evolution that has scarcely been sufficient for 
the marked physical changes that transformed the animal.
• The domestic cat descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, an 
exceedingly recent divergence with respect to genetic evolution and one which scarcely seems 
sufficient to allow the marked physical changes in the animal.

souvik101990 · Accepted Answer

MODIFIER SET OE 
 1. The modifying phrase “although covered in about 11 inches of snow” at the 
beginning of this sentence should be followed by the noun the modifier refers 
to, “the runway.” The original sentence illogicallysuggests that “aviation 
officials” were covered in about 11 inches of snow.Additionally, the plural 
subject "conditions" does not agree with the singular verb "was acceptable." 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The modifying phrase “although covered in about11 inches of snow” at the 
beginning of this sentence should be followed by the noun the modifier refers 
to, “the runway.” Note that in the noun phrase "therunway conditions," the 
word "runway" acts as an adjectivemodifying the noun "conditions." 
(C) This choice incorrectly uses the redundant phrase “during the time of” 
instead of “during.” Further, the placement of "acc ording to aviation officials" 
makes it unclear whether the officials stated that the runway was "covered in 
about 11 inches of snow" or that "the runway was inacceptable condition." 
(D) CORRECT.The modifying phrase “although covered in about 11inches of 
snow” is correctly followed by the noun the modifier refers to, “the runway.” 
Additionally, the phrase "according to aviation officials" is placed at the end of 
the sentence, unambiguously referring to the main clause ("the runway was in 
acceptable condition"). 
(E) The modifying phrase “although covered in about11 inches of snow” at the 
beginning of this sentence should be followed by the noun the modifier refers 
to, “the runway.”

2. The original sentence contains a misplaced modifier. The modifying phrase 
“Discouraged by new data that show increases in toxic emissions from 
domestic factories” is meant to modify the noun “shareholders.” Therefore, 
“shareholders” should be placed directly after “factories.” Instead, it seems that 
the “searches” are “Discouraged by new data,” whichis not logical. 
Additionally, the passive construction “are being conducted by” is 
unnecessarily wordy. 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The modifying phrase “Discouraged by new data that show increases in 
toxic emissions from domestic factories” is meant to modify the noun 
“shareholders.” Therefore, “shareholders” should beplaced directly after 
“factories.” Instead, it seems that the “searches” are “Discouraged by new 
data,” which is not logical. Also, the passive construction “are being conducted 
by” is unnecessarily wordy. Finally, the placement of “who are looking for 
alternative investment opportunities” after “companies” makes it seem that the 
“companies” are “searching for alternative investment opportunities.” According 
to the original sentence, the “shareholders” are looking for these 
“opportunities,” not the “companies.” 
(C) While the misplaced modifier issue is correctedby placing “shareholders” 
adjacent to the modifying phrase, the past perfect form of the verb, “had 
begun,’’ is used unnecessarily. In fact, the use of“had begun” implies that the 
“shareholders” had begun searching for new investment opportunities before 
the discouraging data were released. This is not the intended meaning of the 
sentence. Also, “investment opportunities outside of the manufacturing 
industry” is wordy when compared with “alternative investment opportunities.” 
(D) The placement of “the nation’s leading manufacturing companies” adjacent 
to the modifying phrase makes it seem that these companies are “Discouraged 
by new data,” which changes the meaning of the sentence. The original 
meaning is further compromised by “companies are searching.” The 
“shareholders” are searching for new opportunities,not the companies. 
(E) CORRECT.The misplaced modifier issue is corrected by placing 
“shareholders” adjacent to the modifying phrase. Itis clear that the 
“shareholders” are “searching,” and not the companies. The active voice "are 
searching" replaces the wordy passive construction "searches. . . are being 
conducted by." Finally, the phrase “alternative investment opportunities” is 
clear and concise.
3. The original sentence incorrectly separates the modifier “Found in the wild only 
in Australia and New Guinea” from the noun described by this modifier, 
“kangaroos,” thus illogically suggesting that “powerful legs” rather than 
“kangaroos” “are found in the wild.” Modifiers should always be placed 
immediately next to the nouns that they describe. 
(A) This answer choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The answer choice incorrectly separates the modifier “Found in the wild 
only in Australia and New Guinea” from the noun described by this modifier, 
“kangaroos,” thus illogically suggesting that “powerful legs” rather than 
“kangaroos” “are found in the wild.” In addition, the construction “mammals that 
are large” is unnecessarily wordy; a simpler and more concise form, “large 
mammals” would be preferred. 
(C) The answer choice incorrectly separates the modifier “Found in the wild 
only in Australia and New Guinea” from the noun described by this modifier, 
“kangaroos,” thus illogically suggesting that “powerful legs” rather than 
“kangaroos” “are found in the wild.” In addition, by introducing the relative 
pronoun “those” that refers to “powerful legs,” this answer choice illogically 
attempts to draw a comparison between “kangaroos” and “legs” of other 
animals, rather than the animals themselves. 
(D) CORRECT.This answer choice correctly places the appropriate noun 
“kangaroos” immediately after the modifier “Found in the wild only in Australia 
and New Guinea.” In addition, this answer choice isclear, concise, and free of 
the redundancies present in other answers. 
(E) While this answer choice remedies the original problem with the modifier, it 
uses the awkward and wordy verb construction “beingdistinguished” rather 
than the more concise and direct verb “distinguished.” Furthermore, the 
construction “mammals that are large” is unnecessarily wordy; a simpler and 
more concise form “large mammals” would be preferred.

4. The original sentence begins with a modifier "Responding to growing demand for 
high-end vehicles," but this modifier has no logical subject within the main clause. The 
subject of the sentence should be the people or organizations that respond to this 
growing demand. 
Moreover, the pronoun "they" is ambiguous, as it could grammatically refer either to 
the interiors or to the models. We know that the intended antecedent of "they" is the 
cars, so we need to find a choice that makes this intention clear. Finally, the modifier 
"that are so luxurious" should be placed immediately after "interiors," not 
"models"; otherwise, an alternative phrasing without this modifier should be found. 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The choice repeats the original modifier error:the subject of the modifier is not 
present in the sentence. 
(C) This choice repeats the original pronoun error:"they" is ambiguous and could 
refer to either interiors or models. Also, the modifier "that are so luxurious" is placed 
incorrectly. 
(D) This choice repeats both the original modifier error and the original pronoun 
error. Also, "interior" should be plural. 
(E) CORRECT.This choice correctly introduces "auto makers" asthe subject of the 
sentence and also corrects the pronoun error by replacing "they" with "these cars." 
Note that the use of the synonym "cars" avoids boththe awkward repetition of 
"models" and the ambiguity of the pronoun "they."

5. This sentence begins with a modifier, yet leaves absent who will be applying 
optimization techniques (This is termed a "dangling" modifier.) Also, the sentence is 
unnecessarily wordy in its use of the phrases “ought to” and “in both the short and 
long terms.” 
(A) This choice incorrectly repeats the original sentence. 
(B) CORRECT.The sentence correctly places “a company’s managers” adjacent to 
the modifier such that the meaning is clear, and the sentence is otherwise concise. 
(C) This answer does not correct the original modifier error. It also weakens the 
sentence by replacing the active voice with the passive voice in its use of “can be 
determined by company managers.” The sentence’s concluding use of “goals, both 
short and long term” is awkward. 
(D) This answer does not correct the original modifier error. In this choice, the 
phrase “may be possible” is unnecessary and weakensthe sentence. This choice 
also incorrectly uses the word “these,” as the products have not been referenced 
earlier in the sentence. 
(E) This sentence resolves the modifier issue, but incorrectly uses the word “these,” 
as the products have not been referenced earlier inthe sentence. This choice is also 
wordy in its use of “ought to” and “in both the short and long term.”

6. The original sentence contains several errors. First, the opening modifier "given its 
authoritative coverage of other science topics" describes the textbook as a whole, yet 
the subject of the main clause is "the textbook's chapter on genetics." Second, the 
relative pronoun "which" is used here to modify theentire clause "the textbook's 
chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative." "Which" must modify the immediately 
preceding noun only; it cannot modify the action ofan entire clause, as it does here. 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The modifier issue is not corrected here, since"the chapter" remains the subject 
of the main clause (as opposed to "the textbook"). However, this choice does correct 
the misuse of "which" by replacing it with "leading." 
(C) The modifier issue is corrected here by making "the textbook" the subject of the 
main clause. However, the misuse of "which" is retained. The relative pronoun 
"which" is used here to modify the entire clause "the textbook's chapter on genetics is 
surprisingly tentative." "Which" must modify the immediately preceding noun only; it 
cannot modify the action of an entire clause, as itdoes here. 
Also, the phrase "surprising and tentative" impliesthat the chapter on genetics 
is both "surprising" and "tentative," two characteristics that are independent of 
one another. However, it is clear in the original sentence that "surprisingly" is 
meant to be an adverb that modifies the adjective "tentative." The chapter is 
"suprisingly tentative," not "suprising and tentative." 
(D) The modifier issue is not corrected here, since"the textbook's chapter" is the 
subject of the main clause (as opposed to "the textbook"). 
Moreover, the verb "leads" is incorrectly parallel with "is" when it should be 
subordinate (e.g., "leading"). This makes it less clear that doubting the author's 
scholarship is a result of the tentativeness of thechapter on genetics.
(E) CORRECT.The modifier issue is corrected here by making "the textbook" the 
subject of the main clause. Moreover, "which" is replaced by "leading," thus 
eliminating the incorrect use of "which" while preserving the meaning of the sentence.

7. •This original sentence is correct as written. The word "fossils" is correctly 
placed as the subject of the opening modifier "hailed as a key discovery in the 
science of evolution." Also, the plural noun "fossils" agrees with the plural verb 
"provide." 
(A) CORRECT.This choice is correct as it repeats the original sentence. 
•(B) In this choice, "a large scaly creature" is incorrectly placed as the subject of 
the opening modifier "hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution." 
The fossils of the creature – not the creature itself – were discovered. 
Moreover, the phrase "a large scaly creature . . . provides fossils that are a 
possible link" distorts the meaning of the sentenceby nonsensically suggesting 
that the creature "provides" its fossils; in fact the fossils were simply 
discovered by scientists. 
(C) In this choice, "a large scaly creature" is incorrectly placed as the subject of 
the opening modifier "hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution." 
The fossils of the creature – not the creature itself – were discovered. 
•(D) This choice correctly places the word "fossils" as the subject of the opening 
modifier "hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution." However, this 
choice incorrectly employs the singular verb "provides," which does not agree 
with the plural noun "fossils." 
(E) This choice subtly changes the meaning of the original sentence. The use 
of the word "and" in the phrase "the fossils resemble . . . and provide" creates 
two distinct points: first, that the fossils resemble x, and, second, that the 
fossils provide y. In contrast, in the original phrase "the fossils of a large scaly 
creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of . . .," the 
focus is clearly on how the fossils provide evidence. The modifying phrase 
"resembling both a fish and a land-animal" demonstrates how the fossils 
provide that evidence – it is not intended as a separate, unrelated point.

8. The modifying phrase “hoping to alleviate some of the financial burdens…” begins 
this sentence and should be followed immediately bythe noun the modifier refers to, 
“the county government.” However, the original sentence illogically suggests that 
“property taxes” were hoping to alleviate the financial burdens. Additionally, the 
phrase “raised by an eleven percent increase” contains a redundancy; either “raised 
by eleven percent” or “increased by eleven percent”would be more concise and 
correct. Finally, the passive construction “property taxes…were raised…by the county 
government” is wordier than the preferred active construction “the county 
government…raised…property taxes.” 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The modifying phrase “hoping to alleviate…” should be followed immediately by 
the noun the modifier refers to, “the county government.” However, this choice 
illogically suggests that “property taxes” were hoping to alleviate the financial 
burdens. Also, the passive construction “property taxes…were raised…by the county 
government” is wordier than the preferred active construction “the county 
government…raised…property taxes.” 
(C) The phrase “raised…by an eleven percent increase” contains a redundancy; 
either “raised by eleven percent” or “increased by eleven percent” would be more 
concise and correct. 
(D) The phrase “last year raised by eleven percent property taxes” is awkward, since 
“property taxes,” the object, do not immediately follow the verb “raised.” The meaning 
would be clearer if it were phrased “raised property taxes by eleven percent last 
year.” 
(E) CORRECT.This choice is the most concise and correct. “The county government” 
correctly follows the modifying phrase “hoping to alleviate…” The concise phrase 
“raised…by eleven percent” is used. Finally, the active construction “the county 
government…raised…property taxes” replaces the wordier passive construction 
“property taxes…were raised…by the county government.”

9. The sentence begins with the modifier “In order to properly evaluate a patient’s 
state of mind and gain informed consent prior to surgery.” This modifier 
logically should apply to the modified noun “the operating physician,” as it is 
the operating physician who must evaluate a patient’s state of mind and gain 
informed consent. In other words, "in order to do X" most properly expresses 
the intention of the subject of the sentence, and so the subject should be "the 
operating physician." The original sentence is incorrect, as the modifier is 
incorrectly followed by “a substantial period of time” as opposed to “the 
operating physician.” 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) In this sentence, the modifier is followed by the compound subject “the 
operating physician and the patient.” This choice incorrectly suggests that it is 
both the operating physician and the patient that must evaluate the patient’s 
state of mind and gain informed consent, as opposedto the physician 
alone. Also, the final phrase in the sentence, "thus ensuring full awareness..." 
does not clarify exactly whosefull awareness is ensured (the awareness must 
clearly be the patient's). 
(C) This choice places “the patient” immediately after the initial modifier, 
illogically and incorrectly suggesting that the patient him or herself will evaluate 
the patient’s state of mind. In addition, the pronouns "he or she" are 
ambiguous; they could refer to the patient or to the physician. 
(D) CORRECT.This choice places the proper subject, “the operating 
physician,” adjacent to the opening modifier. Additionally, it is 100% clear that 
the patientis to be made fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing the 
surgical procedure. 
(E) This choice correctly uses “the operating physician” as the subject of the 
sentence, resolving the modifier issue. However, the pronouns “he or 
she” incorrectly refer to “the operating physician,” suggesting that it is the 
physician, rather than the patient, who must be made fully aware of the pros 
and cons of undergoing the surgical procedure.

10. In the original sentence, the modifier “whose eyes and noses are peaking out…” 
incorrectly refers to “shallows.” When used to introduce a noun modifier, “whose” 
always refers to the immediately preceding noun. Inthis case, the author intends to 
refer to the “crocodiles,” not the “shallows.” 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The modifier “whose eyes and noses peak out…” incorrectly refers to “shallows.” 
When used to introduce a noun modifier, “whose” always refers to the immediately 
preceding noun. In this case, the author intends torefer to the “crocodiles,” not the 
“shallows.” Further, the past tense “encountered” is inconsistent with the present 
tense “participate.” When there is no compelling reason to change tenses, 
consistency is preferred. Also, the past tense “encountered” seems to imply that 
these encounters have already happened. However, itis clear from the original 
sentence that the encounters are ongoing occurrences for “vacationers who 
participate in guided boat tours.” 
(C) The modifier “whose eyes and noses peak out…” incorrectly refers to “shallows.” 
When used to introduce a noun modifier, “whose” always refers to the immediately 
preceding noun. In this case, the author intends torefer to the “crocodiles,” not the 
“shallows.” Further, the past perfect “had encountered” is used incorrectly. The past 
perfect tense should only be used to specify the first of two past events. Here, there 
are no past events. 
(D) CORRECT.The adverbial modifier “with eyes and noses peaking out” correctly 
modifies the verb "lurking." As this example shows, adverbial modifiers do not 
need to be placed adjacent to the verbs they modify.Further, the present tense 
“encounter” is consistent with the present tense “participate.” 
(E) While the adverbial modifier “with eyes and noses that are peaking out” correctly 
modifies the verb "lurking," this phrasing is unnecessarily wordy. The more concise 
“with eyes and noses peaking out” is preferred.

11. The original sentence begins with a modifier ("Before its independence") that clearly 
describes India, though the subject of the main clause is Britain. Moreover, "ruled 
India as a colony" is wordy and the verb "ruled" isin the simple past when it would be 
better in the past perfect (two past actions, one of which was earlier). Finally, "they" 
has no grammatical antecedent and "would" is not a proper tense here (the simple 
past is required). 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) Britain should not be the recipient of the modifier "Before its independence." 
(C) The pronoun "they" has no logical antecedent. Logically it probably refers to the 
British, but the British do not appear in the sentence. Also the past perfect tense 
would have been preferable here (had been ruled) since the ruling occurred before 
the relinquishing of the power. 
(D) The phrase "ruled as a colony by Britain" is awkward and unclear. The placement 
of the modifer "by Britain" makes it unclear that the ruling is being done by Britain. 
(E) CORRECT.This correctly places India as the recipient of the opening modifier. 
The past perfect is utilized to indicate that different times in the past. Notice that the 
word "ruled" has been removed from this answer choice, however, this did not result 
in a change of meaning. To be a colony of the British is to be ruled by the British. 
The exclusion of the pronoun its in the beginning of the sentence (see answer 
choices A and C) is incidental. The sentence wouldhave been correct with the 
pronoun its as well.

12. The original sentence uses the introductory adjective modifier “used until the end of 
the Second World War”; The U-boat, the subject of the modifier, should immediately 
follow the modifying phrase. Additionally, the expression “both military or civilian” is 
unidiomatic; the correct idiom is “both military and civilian.” 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) CORRECT. The noun “U-boat” properly functions as the subject of the modifying 
phrase. Additionally, the idiomatic “both military and civilian” is properly used at the 
end of the sentence. 
(C) This choice changes the intended meaning of theoriginal sentence to one that is 
nonsensical. The U-boat, a boat, cannot “employ theGerman army” to do anything. 
Furthermore, the “both military or civilian” construction is unidiomatic. 
(D) This choice incorrectly uses “the German army” as the subject of the introductory 
phrase. Additionally, this choice creates a verb tense error by unnecessarily switching 
to the past perfect “had employed” and a parallelism error by using the “both military 
and the civilian” construction. 
(E) This choice uses the present perfect tense “hasbeen employed,” incorrectly 
indicating that U-boats are still used by the German army. Furthermore, the “both 
military and also civilian” is unidiomatic.

13. The original sentence begins with an opening modifier that correctly modifies the 
nationwide admission of students. 
(A) CORRECT.This choice is correct as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) The use of the initial modifier in this choice is correct. However, the adjective 
“nationwide” is incorrectly applied to students, when it is meant to apply to the 
admission process. 
(C) Here, the modifier is adjacent to the subject “colleges and universities,” incorrectly 
suggesting that colleges and universities are takenfor granted as opposed to the 
admission process. 
(D) This sentence incorrectly uses the pronoun “them” to refer to the “admission” 
which is a singular subject. The use of the pronoun“their” is also unclear as the 
antecedent could be construed to be “colleges and universities” as opposed to the 
intended antecedent, "students." 
(E) Using the word "and" at the end of the underline makes the meaning of this 
sentence less clear by failing to draw an appropriate contrast between the current 
state of taking the nationwide admission of students for granted and the fact that it is 
a relatively recent phenomenon. A more appropriateword choice would be "but": 
"Most people now take for granted..., butit is a relatively recent phenomenon."

14. The original sentence is correct. "Famous because of 'The Godfather'"and "near to 
those he most trusted" correctly modify "a town," which modifies Corleone. Noun 
modifiers must be next to the nouns that they describe. This choice contains no other 
errors. 
(A) CORRECT. This answer choice is correct as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) This choice contains a modification error; "famous because of 'The Godfather'” 
incorrectly describes the prosecutor. Noun modifiers modify the closest available 
noun. 
(C) This choice contains a modification error; "famous because of 'The Godfather'" 
incorrectly describes the mobster. Noun modifiers modify the closest available noun. 
(D) This choice contains a modification error; "near to those he most trusted" 
incorrectly describes the prosecutor. Noun modifiers modify the closest available 
noun. 
(E) The modification is correct in this choice. "Famous because of 'The Godfather'" 
correctly modifies "Corleone". However, this sentence is unnecessarily wordy, "was 
the town that the ailing mobster came to take refuge in" is much less concise than 
"the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone" without making the meaning 
clearer.

15. The original sentence is correct. The modifiers “Herman Melville” and “Walt Whitman” 
are restrictive – they are necessary to restrict the scope of the words “author” and 
“poet” respectively – and hence the use of comma pairs to set off the modifiers is not 
appropriate here. In addition, the context of the sentence implies that the men 
continue to be icons of American literature since they are beloved by generations 
both past and present; hence the use of the presenttense “are” is appropriate. 
(A) CORRECT.The original sentence is correct as written. 
(B) The modifiers “the author” and “the poet” for “Herman Melville” and “Walt 
Whitman” respectively are non-restrictive – they are not necessary to identify the 
subjects and only serve to add information – and hence should be set off with comma 
pairs (e.g., “Herman Melville, the author, and WaltWhitman, the poet, ….” 
(C) The phrases “The author named Herman Melville” and “the poet named Walt 
Whitman” are unnecessarily wordy. In addition, an icon of something has implied 
greatness; hence, the phrase “great icon” is redundant. 
(D) The restrictive modifiers “Herman Melville” and“Walt Whitman” are improperly set 
off by comma pairs. 
(E). The modifiers “the author” and “the poet” are non-restrictive and properly set off 
with comma pairs. The tense of the verb “had been” is not appropriate since it is 
implied by the context of this sentence that the men continue to be icons of American 
literature.

16. This sentence tests two modifiers. First, "only" correctly modifies "when" 
Rousseau believed "man is good." Second, "that" isincorrectly used to introduce 
a non-essential modifier. "That" is used only withessential modifiers and is not 
separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma."Which" is used when 
introducing non-essential modifiers and these modifiers are separated from the 
rest of the sentence by a comma. 
•(A) The sentence is incorrect because it repeats the original answer. 
•(B) The new placement of the adverb "only" unacceptably changes the 
meaning of the sentence. The original sentence indicated the "only" 
circumstance in which "man is good." This answer choice, however, indicates 
that man is the "only" good creature in a certain circumstance. In addition, 
"that" should only be used to introduce essential modifiers that are not 
separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma."Which" is required in 
this case. 
•(C) The new placement of the adverb "only" unacceptably changes the 
meaning of the sentence. The original sentence indicated the "only" 
circumstance in which "man is good." This answer choice, however, indicates 
the "only" circumstance in which "man is corrupted." In addition, "that" should 
only be used to introduce essential modifiers that are not separated from the 
rest of the sentence by a comma. "Which" is required in this case. 
•(D) This answer corrects the second modifier by changing "that" to "which," the 
appropriate start to a non-essential modifier. However, the new placement of 
the adverb "only" unacceptably changes the meaning of the sentence. The 
original sentence indicated the "only" circumstancein which "man is good." 
This answer choice, however, indicates that man is the "only" good creature in 
a certain circumstance.
• (E) CORRECT.This choice keeps the original (and correct) placement of the 
adverb "only" and also corrects the "that vs. which" modifier mistake by 
replacing "that" with "which," the appropriate relative pronoun to employ to 
start a non-essential modifier.

17. The opening clause "though the language of Beowulf is practically 
incomprehensible to contemporary readers," correctly modifies the main clause 
"careful linguistic analysis reveals a multitude ofsimilarities to modern 
English." Moreover, all verbs are in the correct tenses and all nouns are properly 
modified. There are no errors in the original sentence.
• (A) CORRECT.This choice is correct as it repeats the original sentence. 
•(B) This choice begins with the unidiomatic "despite that it." 
• "Despite" must be followed by either a noun ("despite extreme 
hunger...") or a verb ("despite having been fired..."). It cannot be followed 
by a relative pronoun ("despite that..."). 
•Moreover, the opening clause seems to modify "careful linguistic analysis," 
which is the subject of the main clause, creating an illogical meaning (that the 
analysis is incomprehensible to contemporary readers). 
•(C) "Though being practically incomprehensible" iswordy; "being" is 
unnecessary here. Moreover, the main clause seems to imply that "the 
language of Beowulf" performed the "careful linguistic analysis," thuscreating 
an illogical meaning. 
•(D) "Though Beowulf has a language that is practically incomprehensible" is 
wordy. The original "though the language of Beowulfis practically 
incomprehensible" is more concise. Moreover, "a multitude of similarities are 
revealed to modern English" seems to imply that the"similarities" were 
revealed to "modern English" when the correct meaning is that that "similarities 
to modern English" were revealed. 
•(E) "Beowulf reveals through careful linguistic analysis" illogically implies that 
Beowulf carried out the analysis.

18. The original sentence describes fusion as a "process" studied by scientists. The 
underlined portion of the sentence correctly ends with the word "scientists." This is 
necessary because the non-underlined portion of thesentence, beginning "some 
of whom . . .," is a long modifier that describes what some of those scientists have 
attempted to do. Modifiers describing nouns must beadjacent to the nouns that 
they describe.
• (A) CORRECT.This choice is correct as it repeats the original sentence. 
•(B) This choice incorrectly shortens the modifier that describes fusion to "the 
heat and light produced by the sun." This distorts the meaning of the sentence 
by incorrectly stating that fusion is the "heat andlight" produced by the sun. In 
fact, fusion is the "process" used by the sun to produce heat and light; fusion is 
not the "heat and light" itself. This is made clearby the use of the word 
"process" in the non-underlined portion of the sentence in the phrase "to mimic 
the process in their laboratories." 
•(C) This choice describes fusion as "the process through which heat and light 
are produced by the sun." The use of the doubly passive construction "through 
which . . . are produced by" produces an unnecessarily wordy modifier. 
Though a passive construction may be correct, a more active construction is 
preferable if it is provided. 
•(D) In moving the word "scientists" from the end of the opening clause to the 
beginning, this choice creates a misplaced modifier. The non-underlined 
portion of the sentence that begins "some of whom .. ." is a modifier 
describing the scientists; this modifier must be placed immediately adjacent to 
the noun that it modifies ("scientists"). However, in this choice this modifier is 
incorrectly placed adjacent to "heat and light." 
•(E) The last word of this choice, "and," creates two independent clauses: 
"Scientists have studied fusion . . ." and "some ofwhom have attempted . . ." 
The phrase "some of whom" can only be used if it isplaced immediately 
adjacent to its antecedent ("scientists."). A better choice would have been 
"some of them" since the pronoun "them" (unlike "whom") does not need to be 
placed immediately adjacent to its antecedent ("Scientists have studied . . . 
and some of them have attempted . . .").

19. This sentence has poor parallelism, due to the placement of the word “crops.” It 
seems to indicate that there were three types of crops (grape, celery and chili pepper) 
that had been destroyed, but that sugar beet and walnut had been destroyed entirely, 
rather than just the crops of those plants. 
•Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper crops, sugar beet and walnut 
in the region, but in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the 
citrus industry. 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. OK. 
•Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops 
in the region, but in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the 
citrus industry. 
• (B) CORRECT.The word “crop” is placed correctly after the listof crop types. 
The modifier “in the 1880s” correctly modifies the last phrase in the sentence, 
indicating only that the citrus industry was saved in the 1880s. By using the 
past perfect “had destroyed,” this sentence indicates that the other crops had 
been destroyed at some time prior to the 1880s. Thelater past event uses the 
simple past tense, whereas the earlier past event uses the past perfect tense. 
This time line of events matches the meaning in theoriginal sentence. 
•Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops 
in the region, but more effective pest-control methods thatwere introduced in 
the 1880s saved the citrus industry. 
• The citrus industry was saved in the 1880s. As per the sentence above, 
we know that the methods were introduced in the 1880’s but have no idea 
when the citrus industry was saved. 
•(C) The modifying phrase “that were introduced in the 1880s” refers to the 
“methods” immediately preceding the phrase. This alters the meaning of the 
sentence, since “in the 1880s” no longer modifies “saved the citrus industry. 
The simple past tense indicates “saved” happened sometime in the past, but 
not necessarily in that particular decade. 
The modifier uses the relative pronoun “that,” but “that” should only 
introduce essential modifiers. “Which” is a better choice here, since the 
modifying phrase is non-essential. 
•In the 1880s, pests destroyed grape, celery, chilipepper, sugar beet and 
walnut crops in the region andmore effective pest-control methods saved the 
citrus industry. 
•(D) The placement of the modifier “In the 1880s” and the use of two simple 
past verbs “destroyed” and “saved,” indicate that both occurred in that decade. 
The original sentence indicates only that the citrus industry was saved in the 
1880s, and by using the past perfect “had destroyed” indicates that the other 
crops had been destroyed at some time prior to the 1880s. The original 
sentence used the word “but” to indicate a contrast, yet this sentence alters the 
meaning by using “and” instead. 
•In the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry 
from what was destroying grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut 
crops in the region. 
•(E) The use of the phrase “what was destroying” isan awkward way to refer to 
“pests.” Also, the placement of the modifier “In the 1880s” and the use of the 
past progressive “was destroying” indicates that the destruction was ongoing in 
that decade. The original sentence indicates only that the citrus industry was 
saved in the 1880s, and by using the past perfect “had destroyed” indicates 
that the other crops had been destroyed at some time prior to the 1880s.

20. In the original sentence, "was" does not need to berepeated after "nor." Moreover, 
"having been won over..." incorrectly modifies "classical guitar" (the subject of the 
preceding clause) instead of Segovia. 
•(A) This choice is the same as the original sentence. 
•(B) This choice does not correct the modifier issue.
• (C) CORRECT.This choice corrects the "nor" issue as well as the modifier 
issue. Now it is clear that it was Segovia who was won over by the 
instrument's sound. 
•(D) This choice is incorrect because the phrase "classical guitar did not have 
prestige nor was it performed..." is both unidiomatic ("not ... nor" is incorrect) 
and unparallel ("did not have....nor was it performed"). 
•(E) This choice is incorrect because it repeats "was" after "nor" and because it 
implies that Segovia was won over by the sound of the instrument in the mid-twentieth century, while the original sentence makes clear that this happened 
at some earlier point.

21. The original sentence suggests that Feynman’s introduction covered "physics 
designed for undergraduate students." This is nonsensical; rather the courseis 
designed for undergraduate students and covers the general topic of physics. 
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence. 
(B) Beginning the sentence with “for undergraduate students” is awkward and 
unclear. The verb phrase “being a comprehensive introduction…” following the 
comma seems illogically to modify “the physicist Richard Feynman.” With the use 
of the unnecessary “being,” this creates the awkward suggestion that “the 
physicist” was “a comprehensive introduction.” (Remember that "being" is almost 
always wrong on the GMAT.) 
(C) The sentence’s meaning is unclear due to the use of many prepositional 
phrases with no punctuation: “In a two-year course”followed by “by the physicist 
Richard Feynman” and later, “to undergraduate students” and “to modern 
physics.” Also, the subject of this passive sentence is “a comprehensive 
introduction.” It would make more sense for Feynmanto be the subject, since he 
was actively doing something: “presenting.” Finally, the use of "presenting" with 
the passive construction introduces a verb tense error; Feynman is not currently 
"presenting" the course, rather, the course was presented by Feynman. 
(D) The use of both “introduction” and “introduced”is redundant: it suggests that 
Feynman “introduced a comprehensive introduction.” 
(E) CORRECT.The placement of the prepositional phrase “in a two-year course 
designed for undergraduate students” at the beginning of the sentence clarifies 
the meaning: a physics course was designed for the students. The construction of 
the rest of the sentence is straightforward: the subject (the person doing the 
action) “the physicist Richard Feynman,” the verb (what he actually did) 
“presented,” and the object (what he presented) “a comprehensive introduction to 
modern physics.”

22. The original sentence begins with a misplaced modifier. It is the domestic cat that 
descended from the wildcat. We need to find a choice that expresses this 
correctly. 
•(A) This choice is the same as the original sentence. 
•(B) The original modifier issue has been corrected. However, the phrase 
"which is an exceedingly short time" has no referent ("4,000 years ago" is not a 
time span but a specific moment). 
•(C) The original modifier issue has been corrected. However, the phrase "has 
been scarcely sufficient..." incorrectly refers to the domestic cat. 
•(D) The original modifier issue has been corrected. However, the phrase "that 
has scarcely been sufficient..." incorrectly modifies "genetic evolution". Also 
"the marked physical changes that transformed the animal" is redundant. 
Compare to E: "the marked physical changes in the animal," a much tighter 
way of conveying the same information.
• (E) CORRECT.This choice correctly rearranges the opening modifier to place 
the words "the domestic cat" immediately next to the modifier "descended from 
the African wildcat."

Carcass · Answer

I do not like 1000 series at all. And Ron confirms this Though I'll give it a chance in this post

Vineetk · Answer

D/E/D/E/B/E/A/E/D/D/E/B/A/A/A/E/A/A/B/C/E/E.

souvik101990 · Answer

All questions are from MGMAT :-)

I mentioned 1000SC out of whim as a couple of questions are common in 1000SC and MGMAT. I ll post the OAs and OEs when I get home (at work right now!)

santy · Answer

Good collection souvik101990. Kudos!
Do you mind posting the OAs please?

gmatwala1212 · Answer

can someone post the OAs please ?

rohantiwari · Answer

Can somebody provide a link to the 1000 series - source of these ques?

gauravkaushik8591 · Answer

The OA of Question 9 is
D) the operating physician must spend a substantial amount of time with the patient, thus 
ensuring that the patient is fully aware of the pros and cons of accepting the undergoing 
procedure

I think it is awkwardly worded. 'Aware of pros and cons of ACCEPTING THE UNDERGOING PROCEDURE'

Shouldn't it be 'pros and cons of accepting the procedure' ? or 'pros and cons of undergoing procedure' ?

tushain · Answer

I doubt that "whose" is wrong here. I think the only error is encounter"ed".
because "lurking in the shallows" is a noun modifier that modifies "native crocodiles" and cannot be placed anywhere. So "whose" can jump over this modifier and correctly modify "native crocodiles". Please verify.

lary301254M7 · Answer

5. By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to 
determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s products in order to 
meet its goals in both the short and long terms.

(B) a company’s managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the 
company’s products in order to meet  its  short and long term goals

(D) managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of 
these products in order to meet the company’s goals in both the short and long term

How can (B) be the correct answer when there is no antecedent to "it"?
The word "company" was never mentioned in the stem nor the option. company's =/= company

Can you give insight to my concern?  souvik101990

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GMAT Sentence Correction (SC - EA only) Questions

MODIFIER Set (700-800) Although covered in about 11 inches

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