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505-555 Level|   Long Passage|   Science|               
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 12 Oct 2021, 02:37
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dan0015
In question 6:

The passage contends that the scientist found only one of each type of clusters: one which is 2 million years younger and one which is 2 million years older.

In B we have the word "some". My question is how can we be sure that there are other clusters which are exactly 2 million years younger or older. What if all the others are between this interval? What do I miss?
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Hi dan0015,

What's mentioned in the passage is: "One of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy, while another is 2 billion years younger. A colleague of Bolte contends that the cluster called Palomar 12 is 5 billion years younger than most other globular clusters."

The passage does not imply that Bolte found only one of each of type of clusters. The implications of above mentioned lines are that one of the clusters studied by Bolte is 2 billions years older than most other clusters in the galaxy and one that he studied is 2billion years younger. It could also imply that there are still some clusters in that galaxy that could differ by at least 4 billion years. This statement is validated by the last line highlighted above, that a colleague of Bolte did find a cluster called that was 5 billion years younger than most other globular clusters.

Thus B is the correct answer for Question 6.

Hope This Helps.
Thanks.
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 25 Oct 2021, 05:18
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Hi guys,

I took 14 minutes for this one question and got 3 correct out of 7. How did you all speed up? Thanks in advance.
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 11 May 2022, 10:23
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Hey GMATNinja,

Would you please elaborate on what #5 choice means when it says "theoretical" support? Does it entail support from work (Toomre's modeling) to simulate Larson's theory? Unsure how that modeling can be described as theoretical. Thanks!

GMATNinja

Question 3


Bob2018
3rd question,,,,can anyone pls explain?
Quote:
3. Which of the following, if true, would be most useful in supporting the conclusions drawn from recent observations about globular clusters?
The conclusion drawn from recent observations about globular clusters is that The Milky Way may have formed from the collapse of many clusters into a single galaxy, over a long period of time. Here's how this conclusion is presented in the structure of the passage:

  • P1: The Milky Way is formed of many (~125) globular clusters distributed in a halo around the galactic nucleus. This distribution holds vital clues to how the galaxy was formed.
  • P2: Conventional theory says: The Milky Way was formed in a short period of time (~200 million years), from the collapse of a single spherical cloud of gas. This implies that all stars in the halo should be nearly the same age.
  • P3: Bolte has found discrepancies in the age of stars as large at 2 billion years. His findings challenge the conventional theory.
  • P4: Larsons' "renegade" theory explains these discrepancies by arguing that the Milky Way was actually formed from multiple gas clouds. Toomre's models support this theory by suggesting how multiple galaxies could merge into one.

The best answer choice will back up these recent observations of age discrepancies within the galactic halo (wow, I am so glad I got to say "galactic halo") or reinforce the "renegade" theory by explaining how multiple galaxies could become one.

Quote:
(A) There is firm evidence that the absolute age of the Milky Way galaxy is between 10 and 17 billion years.
Why do we care about the absolute age of the Milky Way as a whole? We're looking for information about the age of stars in the halo. This is irrelevant to the question being asked, so we we'll eliminate (A).

Quote:
(B) A survey reveals that a galaxy close to the Milky Way galaxy contains globular clusters of ages close to the age of Palomar 12.
We're only concerned about explaining age discrepancies within the Milky Way galaxy. Knowing the age of clusters in another galaxy altogether (especially if this knowledge doesn't tell us anything about how they fit into the bigger picture for that galaxy) won't help us strengthen or weaken the conclusion we care about, so let's eliminate (B).

Quote:
(C) A mathematical model proves that small gas clouds move in regular patterns.
Without more information about how these regular patterns result (or don't result) in collisions and the loss of orbital energy, we can't tie this model back to the theory of many galaxies becoming one Milky Way. Let's eliminate (C).

Quote:
(D) Space probes indicate that the stars in the Milky Way galaxy are composed of several different types of gas.
As with choice (C), knowing that there are different types of gas doesn't help us bridge the logical gap between many galaxies existing and many galaxies merging. Eliminate (D).

Quote:
(E) A study of over 1,500 individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy indicates wide discrepancies in their ages.
This choice explicitly reinforces the conclusion by telling us that many individual stars in the halo of the Milky Way have wide discrepancies in age. If true, we've just taken the example of Palomar and multiplied by it by 1,500. This adds a great amount of quantitative support to Bolte's recent findings. It directly attacks the conventional theory by showing exactly how much variance we're seeing in the age of stars in this halo. It's by far the best answer choice, so we'll stick with (E) and move on.

Question 5


Quote:
5. The passage suggests that Toomre's work complements Larson's theory because it:
In the final paragraph, the author presents "renegade" theories that could explain the large age discrepancies between globular clusters. Larson's theory is that hundreds of small gas clouds, rather than a single gas cloud, formed what we observe today as one galaxy: the Milky Way. Toomre's computer modeling suggests that multiple spiral galaxies could indeed merge into a single galaxy. Larson's work and Toomre's work reinforce each other, because both illustrate the same theoretical statement: Multiple galaxies can become one, over time.

ShashankDave
I got Q5 wrong. I chose E as my answer. Somebody please help.The computer models suggest that the ideas of the scientist also apply to spiral galaxies not just within a galaxy. This clearly means that there is a wider applicability. I don't disagree with the OA but I was confused between the two and got this wrong. Is my approach wrong here? Does "wide applicability" need to be explicitly stated in the passage for E to be correct? what did I do wrong?
Now that we've clarified the purpose of this paragraph, let's take a closer look at these two choices.

Quote:
(D) provides theoretical support for the ideas suggested by Larson
As you know, (D) most closely captures what we've just read. Toomre's models suggest that multiple galaxies could lose enough energy to merge into one. This provides support for the Larson's big-picture theory (multiple gas clouds becoming one system) as well as the specific process at the heart of that theory (losing orbital energy).

Quote:
(E) expands Larson's theory to make it more widely applicable
The key words here aren't only "widely applicable." We also have to decide whether Toomre's work is really expanding Larson's theory, because we're being asked how Toomre's work is complementing Larson's. We should eliminate (E) if either of these phrases aren't supported by the passage.

Let's recall why the author brought up Larson and Toomre in the first place: Both works suggest that many galaxies (whether worded as "hundreds of small gas clouds" or "closely interacting spiral galaxies") could become one. So the point of modeling spiral galaxies isn't to look at one galaxy and apply observations about it to many different kinds. The point is to illustrate how these multiple galaxies could have merged into a single galaxy.

Toomre's modeling shows how orbital energy plays a role in this merge, but it does not expand the theory of "many become one"...nor does it show us other ways that theory can be applied (for instance, to things that aren't galaxies at all). That's why we eliminate (E). It's more about matching the author's reason for bringing up another person's work than it is about matching specific keywords from choice to passage.

I hope this helps you... um, feel like you're surrounded by a galactic halo...?
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 13 May 2022, 11:08
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Question 5


gmatimothy
Hey GMATNinja,

Would you please elaborate on what #5 choice means when it says "theoretical" support? Does it entail support from work (Toomre's modeling) to simulate Larson's theory? Unsure how that modeling can be described as theoretical. Thanks!
Show more
Quote:
5. The passage suggests that Toomre's work complements Larson's theory because it

(A) specifies more precisely the time frame proposed by Larson
(B) subtly alters Larson's theory to make it more plausible
(C) supplements Larson's hypothesis with direct astronomical observations
(D) provides theoretical support for the ideas suggested by Larson
(E) expands Larson's theory to make it more widely applicable
Show more
That's a good question about the meaning of "theoretical" support!

Before we dissect that term, however, notice that it's possible to identify (D) as correct even without worrying too much about the exact meaning of the word "theoretical" in this case.

From the passage, we know that Toomre's computer modeling is cited to support Larson's idea about the formation of the Milky Way. The only answer choices that come close to capturing this meaning are (C) and (D). But notice that (C) says Toomre provided "direct astronomical observations." And since Toomre provided a computer model, not "direct astronomical observations," (C) is definitely wrong, which leaves us with (D).

Regarding the word "theoretical": notice that Toomre does not support Larson's idea with actual data or measurements. That is, Toomre does not provide "astronomical observations." Instead, Toomre provides a computer model which suggests that Larson's idea could be correct.

In other words, Toomre's support for Larson is based on a theoretical model, as opposed to actual observations.

I hope that helps!
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 13 May 2022, 12:39
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You're right, I actually chose (C) for this question; I inferred that the modeling showed related observations that support Larson's theory, but I shouldn't make such an assumption - choice (D) gets you to where we want to be without an unnecessary implication. Thanks so much, you're the best!

GMATNinja

Question 5


gmatimothy
Hey GMATNinja,

Would you please elaborate on what #5 choice means when it says "theoretical" support? Does it entail support from work (Toomre's modeling) to simulate Larson's theory? Unsure how that modeling can be described as theoretical. Thanks!
Quote:
5. The passage suggests that Toomre's work complements Larson's theory because it

(A) specifies more precisely the time frame proposed by Larson
(B) subtly alters Larson's theory to make it more plausible
(C) supplements Larson's hypothesis with direct astronomical observations
(D) provides theoretical support for the ideas suggested by Larson
(E) expands Larson's theory to make it more widely applicable
That's a good question about the meaning of "theoretical" support!

Before we dissect that term, however, notice that it's possible to identify (D) as correct even without worrying too much about the exact meaning of the word "theoretical" in this case.

From the passage, we know that Toomre's computer modeling is cited to support Larson's idea about the formation of the Milky Way. The only answer choices that come close to capturing this meaning are (C) and (D). But notice that (C) says Toomre provided "direct astronomical observations." And since Toomre provided a computer model, not "direct astronomical observations," (C) is definitely wrong, which leaves us with (D).

Regarding the word "theoretical": notice that Toomre does not support Larson's idea with actual data or measurements. That is, Toomre does not provide "astronomical observations." Instead, Toomre provides a computer model which suggests that Larson's idea could be correct.

In other words, Toomre's support for Larson is based on a theoretical model, as opposed to actual observations.

I hope that helps!
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 28 Oct 2022, 19:58
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Hey GMATNinja! the option E in 7th question is "indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed"
.. "are no longer as unconventional" i.e they are conventional now? Can you please help me understand what I am missing here?

GMATNinja
Quote:
7. The author of the passage puts the word "renegade" (line 29) in quotation marks most probably in order to

(A) emphasize the lack of support for the theories in question
(B) contrast the controversial quality of the theories in question with the respectable character of their formulators
(C) generate skepticism about the theories in question
(D) ridicule the scientists who once doubted the theories in question
(E) indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed
srikanth9502
In Question 7, I am confused between option A and E. Could you please explain why A is wrong and E is correct?
The word "renegade" implies that those theories were not conventional or commonly accepted. This does not necessarily imply that those theories lacked support.

For example, there might be strong support for a theory claiming that eating hot dogs every day is good for your health. But if most people reject that theory, it would still be considered "renegade".

The author puts the word "renegade" in quotes to emphasize that those theories are gaining acceptance. For example, imagine that new evidence suggested that eating broccoli and carrots, foods commonly viewed as healthy, was in fact bad for your health. You might then say:

    I no longer want to eat "healthy" foods like broccoli and carrots.

The use of the quotation marks emphasizes that those foods were once accepted as healthy but that this view is changing. The same thing applies in this passage. The theories were once considered "renegade", but now they are becoming less and less "renegade".

I hope that helps!
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 30 Oct 2022, 08:58
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Hi Experts,

Please can you help me with QS 2.

I had rejected Option A as Larson states "The halo of the Milky Way formed over a period of a billion or more years as hundreds of small gas clouds drifted about, collided, lost orbital energy, and finally collapsed into a centrally condensed elliptical system"

How can we infer from the above lines that he also states "amount of time it took to form the galaxy" as galaxy and the spherical halo surrounding it is diff.

Thus isn't the comparison between the amount of time it took the spherical halo around the galaxy to form.

Thanks
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 30 Oct 2022, 18:24
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Hello experts,
I need a clear explanation of question 6.
What is the main asking point of this question?
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 30 Oct 2022, 19:36
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KittyDoodles
Hi Experts,

Please can you help me with QS 2.
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The question calls for something that Larson's theory and the conventional theory both EXPLICITLY address, in ways that contradict one another.

If we absolutely must, we can hold the two theories up against each other point-by-point. But this is actually all that the passage says about Larson's theory:
the halo of the Milky Way formed over a period of a billion or more years as hundreds of small gas clouds drifted about, collided, lost orbital energy, and finally collapsed into a centrally condensed elliptical system



There's not much here. Remember, the correct answer MUST be explicitly mentioned for both theories (as that's the only way to know when they contradict each other)—so why not start out by just checking this very brief blurb about Larson's theory for each of the answer choices?

Quote:
(A) amount of time it took to form the galaxy
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We have Larson's take on this: over a period of a billion or more years"


Quote:
(B) size of the galaxy immediately after its formation
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Nothing here about this.


Quote:
(C) the particular gases involved in the formation the galaxy
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All we have is "small gas clouds". No specs about the specific gases in these clouds.


Quote:
(D) importance of the age of globular clusters in determining how the galaxy was formed
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Nothing about globular clusters at all for Larson.


Quote:
(E) shape of the halo that formed around the galaxy
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Nope. (The halo degenerated into something shaped like an ellipse, but we're not told anything about the shape of the original halo.)


Oh hey! We're done. Only A gives us anything that's mentioned in those lines about Larson's theory, so we don't even have to bother with the conventional theory.
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 30 Oct 2022, 20:06
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KittyDoodles
Hi Experts,

Please can you help me with QS 2.

I had rejected Option A as Larson states "The halo of the Milky Way formed over a period of a billion or more years as hundreds of small gas clouds drifted about, collided, lost orbital energy, and finally collapsed into a centrally condensed elliptical system"

How can we infer from the above lines that he also states "amount of time it took to form the galaxy" as galaxy and the spherical halo surrounding it is diff.

Thus isn't the comparison between the amount of time it took the spherical halo around the galaxy to form.

Thanks
Show more

The Milky Way galaxy IS the "halo". This is stated in the first paragraph:
The Milky Way contains about 125 globular clusters (compact groups of anywhere from several tens of thousands to perhaps a million stars) distributed in a roughly spherical halo around the galactic nucleus

The "halo", in other words, represents the shape of the entire contents of the Milky Way galaxy.
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 19 Nov 2022, 17:25
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Question 7


Anirudh16
Hey GMATNinja! the option E in 7th question is "indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed"
.. "are no longer as unconventional" i.e they are conventional now? Can you please help me understand what I am missing here?

GMATNinja
Quote:
7. The author of the passage puts the word "renegade" (line 29) in quotation marks most probably in order to

(A) emphasize the lack of support for the theories in question
(B) contrast the controversial quality of the theories in question with the respectable character of their formulators
(C) generate skepticism about the theories in question
(D) ridicule the scientists who once doubted the theories in question
(E) indicate that the theories in question are no longer as unconventional as they once seemed
srikanth9502
In Question 7, I am confused between option A and E. Could you please explain why A is wrong and E is correct?
The word "renegade" implies that those theories were not conventional or commonly accepted. This does not necessarily imply that those theories lacked support.

For example, there might be strong support for a theory claiming that eating hot dogs every day is good for your health. But if most people reject that theory, it would still be considered "renegade".

The author puts the word "renegade" in quotes to emphasize that those theories are gaining acceptance. For example, imagine that new evidence suggested that eating broccoli and carrots, foods commonly viewed as healthy, was in fact bad for your health. You might then say:

    I no longer want to eat "healthy" foods like broccoli and carrots.

The use of the quotation marks emphasizes that those foods were once accepted as healthy but that this view is changing. The same thing applies in this passage. The theories were once considered "renegade", but now they are becoming less and less "renegade".

I hope that helps!
Show more
Yes, the passage suggests that the "renegade" theories are now more conventional than they used to be.

Thinking about the overall flow of the passage, in the second paragraph we learn about an earlier "conventional" view. In the third paragraph, we get some evidence that goes against this earlier conventional view.

Because the earlier view has been undermined, astronomers are taking a second look at some alternative theories that were considered renegade in their own time. But with this new evidence, it appears that the theories are not so "renegade" after all -- which is why the author uses the quotation marks.

So, while these theories used to be quite unconventional, they are now more conventional. (E) is the correct answer to question 7.

I hope that helps!
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Hello experts

for question 3, if we take the first option, absolute age of the galaxy is between 10 to 17 billion years. We can infer that the galaxy was formed during this period of time, and hence this describes the time gap of billion years for the formation of the galaxy.
This is in line with the recent discovery.
However, in E, we are explicitly talking about the stars. The stars are not in question here, but the clusters, which are a group of many stars, are. Hence, if we find discrepancies in the age of stars, there can be other reasons for this as well. What we are interested here is the age of the clusters.
Can you please explain to me where I am getting wrong here ?
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New observations about the age of some globular clusters in our Milky 24 Jul 2025, 22:16
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