Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological princ

Question

Project RC Butler 2020  -  Participate and win GMAT Club Tests.   
Passage # 110, Date: 25-May-2020
 This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020 .  Click here for Details

Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the “law of apparent reality”: emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plausible, but emotional responses elicited by works of art raise counterexamples.

Frijda’s law accounts for my panic if I am afraid of snakes and see an object I correctly appraise as a rattlesnake, and also for my identical response if I see a coiled garden hose I mistakenly perceive to be a snake. However, suppose I am watching a movie and see a snake gliding toward its victim. Surely I might experience the same emotions of panic and distress, though I know the snake is not real. These responses extend even to phenomena not conventionally accepted as real. A movie about ghosts, for example, may be terrifying to all viewers, even those who firmly reject the possibility of ghosts, but this is not because viewers are confusing cinematic depiction with reality. Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality: I am moved by Mozart’s Requiem, but I know that I am not at a real funeral. However, if Frijda’s law is to explain all emotional reactions, there should be no emotional response at all to aesthetic objects or events, because we know they are not real in the way a living rattlesnake is real.

Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value. On the other hand, Gombrich argues that emotional responses to art are ersatz; art triggers remembrances of previously experienced emotions. These debates have prompted the psychologist Radford to argue that people do experience real melancholy or joy in responding to art, but that these are irrational responses precisely because people know they are reacting to illusory stimuli. Frijda’s law does not help us to untangle these positions, since it simply implies that events we recognize as being represented rather than real cannot elicit emotion in the first place

Frijda does suggest that a vivid imagination has “properties of reality”—implying, without explanation, that we make aesthetic objects or events “real” in the act of experiencing them. However, as Scruton argues, a necessary characteristic of the imaginative construction that can occur in an emotional response to art is that the person knows he or she is pretending. This is what distinguishes imagination from psychotic fantasy.   1 
 1. Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

(A) The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for the emotional nature of belief.
(B) Theories of aesthetic response fail to account for how we distinguish unreasonable from reasonable responses to art.
(C) The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for emotional responses to art.
(D) Psychologists have been unable to determine what accounts for the changeable nature of emotional responses to art.
(E) Psychologists have been unable to determine what differentiates aesthetic from nonaesthetic emotional responses.
 2 
 2. According to the passage, Frijda’s law asserts that emotional responses to events are

(A) unpredictable because emotional responses depend on how aware the person is of the reality of an event
(B) weaker if the person cannot distinguish illusion from reality
(C) more or less intense depending on the degree to which the person perceives the event to be real
(D) more intense if the person perceives an event to be frightening
(E) weaker if the person judges an event to be real but unthreatening
 3 
 3. The author suggests that Frijda’s notion of the role of imagination in aesthetic response is problematic because it

(A) ignore the unselfconsciousness that is characteristic of emotional responses to art
(B) ignores the distinction between genuine emotion and ersatz emotion
(C) ignores the fact that a person who is imagining knows that he or she is imagining
(D) makes irrelevant distinctions between vivid and weak imaginative capacities
(E) suggests, in reference to the observation of art, that there is no distinction between real and illusory stimuli
 4 
 4. The passage supports all of the following statements about the differences between Gombrich and Radford EXCEPT:

(A) Radfod’s argument relies on a notion of irrationality in a way that Gomgbrich’s argument does not.
(B) Gombrich's position is closer to the position of the majority of psychologists than is Radford’s.
(C) Gombrich, unlike Radford, argues that we do not have true emotions in response to art.
(D) Gombrich’s argument rests on a notion of memory in a way that Radford’s argument does not.
(E) Radford’s argument, unlike Gombrich’s, is not focused on the artificial quality of emotional responses to art.
 5 
 5. Which one of the following best captures the progression of the author’s argument in lines 9-31?

(A) The emotional responses to events ranging from the real to the depicted illustrate the irrationality of emotional response.
(B) A series of events that range from the real to the depicted conveys the contrast between real events and cinematic depiction.
(C) An intensification in emotional response to a series of events that range from the real to the depicted illustrates Frijda’s law.
(D) A progression of events that range from the real to the depicted examines the precise nature of panic in relation to feared object.
(E) The consistency of emotional responses to events that range from the real to the depicted challenges Frijda’s law.
 6 
 6. Author’s assertions concerning movies about ghosts imply that all of the following statements are false EXCEPT:

(A) Movies about ghosts are terrifying in proportion to viewers’ beliefs in the phenomenon of ghosts.
(B) Movies about imaginary phenomena like ghosts may be just as terrifying as movies about phenomena like snake.
(C) Movies about ghosts and snakes are not terrifying because people know that what they viewing is not real.
(D) Movies about ghosts are terrifying to viewers who previously rejected the possibility of ghosts because movies permanently alter the viewers sense of reality.
(E) Movies about ghosts elicit a very different emotional response from viewers who do not believe in ghosts than movies about snakes elicit from viewers who are frightened by snakes.
 7 
 7. Which one of the following statements best exemplifies the position of Radford concerning the nature of emotional response to art?

(A) A person watching a movie about guerrilla warfare irrationally believes that he or she is present at the battle.
(B) A person watching a play about a kidnapping feels nothing because he or she rationally realizes it is not a real event.
(C) A person gets particular enjoyment out of writing fictional narratives in which he or she figures as a main character.
(D) A person irrationally bursts into tears while reading a novel about a destructive fire, even while realizing that he or she is reading about a fictional event.
(E) A person who is afraid of snakes trips over a branch and irrationally panics.

Source:   LSAT Official PrepTest 5   ( June 1992 ) 
 Difficulty Level:   650

Gladiator59 · Accepted Answer

Okay so here it goes -

Main Point / Summary - Nico Frijda (NF) has written about "law of apparent reality" - emotions are only felt for real situations ex. the rattlesnake induces fear. But two others -Gombrich says - ( emotional responses to art and other intangible or non-real situations are because of past experiences and Radford says people experience real joy or sorry based on art but these are irrational responses. finally, NF says vivid imagination results in illusory events being felt as if they were real to whichScruton argues that a person surely knows he or she is pretending. So NF cannot completely explain the emotional response to imaginary events by her theory. Phew!

central idea requires a main point understanding of the passage
1. Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

(A) The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for the emotional nature of belief. TRAP - mix of words but this is not conveyed by the passage
(B) Theories of aesthetic response fail to account for how we distinguish unreasonable from reasonable responses to art. BS option
(C) The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for emotional responses to art. BINGO! - this is the main discussion point throughout the passage
(D) Psychologists have been unable to determine what accounts for the changeable nature of emotional responses to art. Changeable nature - BS Option
(E) Psychologists have been unable to determine what differentiates aesthetic from nonaesthetic emotional responses. [color=#ed1c24]Even though true this is too detailed to be central idea[/color]

detail question based on understanding NF's theory
2. According to the passage, Frijda’s law asserts that emotional responses to events are

(A) unpredictable because emotional responses depend on how aware the person is of the reality of an event Not true at all
(B) weaker if the person cannot distinguish illusion from reality This goes against the central point being discussed and NF never claims this
(C) more or less intense depending on the degree to which the person perceives the event to be real BINGO! - this is her theory
(D) more intense if the person perceives an event to be frightening REAL WORLD TRAP - though not what she says - just one example of this is used but any emotion is strong based on real world exp
(E) weaker if the person judges an event to be real but unthreatening BS extrapolation option

Based on the concluding paragraph
3. The author suggests that Frijda’s notion of the role of imagination in aesthetic response is problematic because it

(A) ignore the unselfconsciousness that is characteristic of emotional responses to art No it does not
(B) ignores the distinction between genuine emotion and ersatz emotion She does not define ersatz emotion so this is a mix up option to confuse
(C) ignores the fact that a person who is imagining knows that he or she is imagining CORRECT - this is exactly the point which Scruton makes to refute her claim
(D) makes irrelevant distinctions between vivid and weak imaginative capacities Nah
(E) suggests, in reference to the observation of art, that there is no distinction between real and illusory stimuli Nah - this is never mentioned or implied

EXCEPT questions on a long and tricky passage arevery important Here you need to find what those two gentlemen say and make conclusions - refer to main point above
4. The passage supports all of the following statements about the differences between Gombrich and Radford EXCEPT:

(A) Radfod’s argument relies on a notion of irrationality in a way that Gomgbrich’s argument does not. TRAP - this is trivially true BUT this is an EXCEPT question!
(B) Gombrich's position is closer to the position of the majority of psychologists than is Radford’s. CORRECT - slight mention of this at the start of para 3 - "Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings..." and "On the other hand, Gombrich argues that ..." MEANS GOMBR does not believe what most psych do!
(C) Gombrich, unlike Radford, argues that we do not have true emotions in response to art. Yep - gombrich just says past experiences are responsible
(D) Gombrich’s argument rests on a notion of memory in a way that Radford’s argument does not.True
(E) Radford’s argument, unlike Gombrich’s, is not focused on the artificial quality of emotional responses to art. True - he says these responses are irrational

This is authors take on NFs theory
5. Which one of the following best captures the progression of the author’s argument in lines 9-31?

(A) The emotional responses to events ranging from the real to the depicted illustrate the irrationality of emotional response. Not true
(B) A series of events that range from the real to the depicted conveys the contrast between real events and cinematic depiction. Nah - there is no such distinction presented
(C) An intensification in emotional response to a series of events that range from the real to the depicted illustrates Frijda’s law.Opposite is true
(D) A progression of events that range from the real to the depicted examines the precise nature of panic in relation to feared object.Nah - this is not what author is trying to show
(E) The consistency of emotional responses to events that range from the real to the depicted challenges Frijda’s law. Bingo - author shows how NF's law does not hold by giving example

Another EXCEPT - this passage is taxing
6. Author’s assertions concerning movies about ghosts imply that all of the following statements are false EXCEPT:

(A) Movies about ghosts are terrifying in proportion to viewers’ beliefs in the phenomenon of ghosts. Not mentioned in the passage that response is based on belief
(B) Movies about imaginary phenomena like ghosts may be just as terrifying as movies about phenomena like the snake. CORRECT - this is the whole point of the passage
(C) Movies about ghosts and snakes are not terrifying because people know that what they viewing is not real. Opposite is true
(D) Movies about ghosts are terrifying to viewers who previously rejected the possibility of ghosts because movies permanently alter the viewer's sense of reality. NAH - BS Option?
(E) Movies about ghosts elicit a very different emotional response from viewers who do not believe in ghosts than movies about snakes elicit from viewers who are frightened by snakes. Nah - goes against the idea depicted here

What did Radford say? Go back and check summary
7. Which one of the following statements best exemplifies the position of Radford concerning the nature of emotional response to art?

(A) A person watching a movie about guerrilla warfare irrationally believes that he or she is present at the battle. TRAP option - we are looking for an irrational EMOTIONAL response
(B) A person watching a play about a kidnapping feels nothing because he or she rationally realizes it is not a real event. opposite
(C) A person gets particular enjoyment out of writing fictional narratives in which he or she figures as a main character. out of writing and not witnessing or reading - hence wrong
(D) A person irrationally bursts into tears while reading a novel about a destructive fire, even while realizing that he or she is reading about a fictional event. CORRECT - irrational emotional response
(E) A person who is afraid of snakes trips over a branch and irrationally panics. BS Option

Phew! That was one long post folks! Consider giving kudos for the effort

Kidding.

Best,
Gladi

Kidding. Best, Gladi

MikeScarn · Answer

14:14  for all 7. 5:02 to read & map.  6 of 7 correct .

The main subject of the passage is the  law of apparent reality . The law is mentioned throughout the passage and the passage revolves around the law.

The conclusion of the LOAR fails when relating to art.  C  is our answer.

The Psychologists are  only  mentioned in paragraph 3. Eliminate  D  and  E

Refer to the first sentence of the passage: 
 C  is our answer.

C  is our answer.

Refer to the last paragraph. This is exactly what Scruton argues.

EXCEPT questions can be tedious. The correct answer is  B .

Paragraph 3 indicates that Gombrich's position is  different  than the majority of psychologists. Further, we can't determine if Radford's position is "closer" or "further" from the majority of psychologists.

Between A and E, the  main purpose  of the passage is all about the failure of Frijda's law. Therefore,  E  "best captures the progression of the author's argument."

False EXCEPT... So we're looking for the one answer choice that is  not false .

In the 2nd paragraph, 2 sentences before the ghosts movie sentence, it reads:
 
The author explains that whether the a movie is about " real " monsters (snakes) or imaginary monsters (ghosts), the  same emotions of panic  and distress can be experienced.

B  is our answer.

Refer back to the 3rd paragraph to see Radford's position. His position:
 
Clearly  D  is in line with Radford's position. A reader bursts into tears while reading a novel (real experience with art), but this is irrational because the reader knows they are just reading a fictional book.

CEdward · Answer

Can someone explain : This was totally unclear to me.

6. Author’s assertions concerning movies about ghosts imply that all of the following statements are false EXCEPT:

(A) Movies about ghosts are terrifying in proportion to viewers’ beliefs in the phenomenon of ghosts.
(B) Movies about imaginary phenomena like ghosts may be just as terrifying as movies about phenomena like snake.
(C) Movies about ghosts and snakes are not terrifying because people know that what they viewing is not real.
(D) Movies about ghosts are terrifying to viewers who previously rejected the possibility of ghosts because movies permanently alter the viewers sense of reality.
(E) Movies about ghosts elicit a very different emotional response from viewers who do not believe in ghosts than movies about snakes elicit from viewers who are frightened by snakes.

bidskamikaze · Answer

This is an EXCEPT question, so we need to be careful.
(A) Movies about ghosts are terrifying in proportion to viewers’ beliefs in the phenomenon of ghosts.
-  Proportionality of terror is not discussed, so this option cannot be implied and is FALSE.

(B) Movies about imaginary phenomena like ghosts may be just as terrifying as movies about phenomena like snake.
-  This can be inferred from the passage, as the emotional response depends on the viewer. This is NOT FALSE

(C) Movies about ghosts and snakes are not terrifying because people know that what they viewing is not real.
-  This is FALSE. Movies about ghosts and snakes ARE terrifying to some people.

(D) Movies about ghosts are terrifying to viewers who previously rejected the possibility of ghosts because movies permanently alter the viewers sense of reality.
-  Refer the following line from the passage:  "A movie about ghosts, for example, may be terrifying to all viewers, even those who firmly reject the possibility of ghosts, but this is not because viewers are confusing cinematic depiction with reality."  Therefore, this option is FALSE as well.

(E) Movies about ghosts elicit a very different emotional response from viewers who do not believe in ghosts than movies about snakes elicit from viewers who are frightened by snakes.
-  The passage gives us no reason to imply how different the emotional responses for ghosts and snakes are, so this option is FALSE.

B is the answer.

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Bumping up for more discussion.

VerbalBot · Answer

Hello from the GMAT Club VerbalBot!

Thanks to another GMAT Club member, I have just discovered this valuable topic, yet it had no discussion for over a year. I am now bumping it up - doing my job. I think you may find it valuable (esp those replies with Kudos).

Want to see all other topics I dig out? Follow me (click follow button on profile). You will receive a summary of all topics I bump in your profile area as well as via email.

Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological princ

Prep Toolkit

Top 5 GMAT Debrief Videos

615 to 715 in 15 Days (Ria's Strategies)

More than Quant/Verbal Abilities: Speed vs. Accuracy

745 with Only Self-Prep and GMAT Club

From 555 to 765: 210-point Improvement

Perfect 805 Score Debrief by Julia

My Rewards

GMAT Reading Comprehension (RC) Questions

Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological princ

Prep Toolkit

615 to 715 in 15 Days (Ria's Strategies)

More than Quant/Verbal Abilities: Speed vs. Accuracy

745 with Only Self-Prep and GMAT Club

From 555 to 765: 210-point Improvement

Perfect 805 Score Debrief by Julia

My Rewards