Mbagoal123 wrote:
GMATNinja please explain why the modifier in D ( who advocated....)is incorrect and how come ing modifier is correct here
I wouldn't say that "who advocated" is automatically
wrong in (D), but I would say that the -ing modifier does a better job of tying the modifier to the action of
establishing the penitentiary.
In other words, in (D), we might be talking about reformers who (1) established a penitentiary and who (2) just happened to advocate solitary confinement and hard labor -- those two things might be entirely unrelated.
In (C), on the other hand, the -ing modifier "advocating" suggests that the
advocating and the
establishing were related -- that the reformers established the penitentiary WITH solitary confinement and hard labor in mind (i.e. perhaps this penitentiary was designed with numerous solitary confinement cells or with specific ways to subject prisoners to hard labor).
To be clear: I am not suggesting that there is some black and white rule about -ing modifiers vs. the use of "who." That's why I wouldn't say that this qualifies as a definite error in (D).
(C) has a couple other advantages over (D). In (C), "
as the means" clearly suggests that the solitary confinement and hard labor are
themselves the means to reform prisoners. But in (D), "
for the means" seems to suggest that the solitary confinement and hard labor are somehow
separate from the means:
- "Tim advocated equal pay for all of his employees." In this example, "equal pay" is the thing that Tim advocated, and "his employees" were the beneficiaries of that (the employees are separate and distinct from the thing that Tim advocated).
- "...reformers who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform..." Here, "solitary confinement and hard labor" are the things that the reformers advocated. But in this context "the means of prisoner reform" are clearly not a separate and distinct entity benefitting from the things that the reformers advocated.
Also, notice that "means OF prisoner reform" could imply that prisoner reform IS the means -- that the means
consist of prisoner reform. (For example, if we write "Bogdan exerted his will by means of intimidation," we're saying that the means consist of intimidation.) In this question, the intended meaning is better conveyed by "means TO reform prisoners."
Does (D) have any black and white errors? Maybe not. But we have several votes in favor of (C) over (D), and that makes (C) our winner.