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...they have a system that kept them from...

Since this is a universally true statement . Simple Present tense verb should be used. Kept incorrectly means that the system doesnt prevails now.

option D is correct

D. that keeps
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The answer should be D. Can survive is simple tense.
A. that kept- Past tense
B. which is keeping- continuous tense
C. that has kept- past perfect
D. that keeps (right answer)
E. that has been keeping- present continuous
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"Plants in the Arctic region can survive under extreme conditions because they have a system that kept them from freezing."
As it is a universal truth, we need to simple tense and only option D uses it.
Correct choice is D
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