Psychologist: In a survey, several hundred volunteers rated their own levels of self-control and their overall life satisfaction. The volunteers who rated themselves as having better self-control also reported greater satisfaction with their lives. This suggests that self-control is one factor that helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

In order to assess the strength of the psychologist's argument, it would be most helpful to know whether

A. people typically rate themselves as having significantly better self-control than expert psychological assessments would rate them as having

B. people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives could be affected by factors of which they are unaware

C. there is a high level of self-control that tends to reduce overall life satisfaction

D. people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to temporarily decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction

E. feelings of dissatisfaction significantly interfere with people's ability to exercise self-control


CR87051.01

Psychologist: In a survey, several hundred volunteers rated their own levels of self-control and their overall life satisfaction. The volunteers who rated themselves as having better self-control also reported greater satisfaction with their lives. This suggests that self-control is one factor that helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

In order to assess the strength of the psychologist's argument, it would be most helpful to know whether

A. people typically rate themselves as having significantly better self-control than expert psychological assessments would rate them as having

B. people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives could be affected by factors of which they are unaware

C. there is a high level of self-control that tends to reduce overall life satisfaction

D. people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to temporarily decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction

E. feelings of dissatisfaction significantly interfere with people's ability to exercise self-control


CR87051.01

Psychologist: In a survey, several hundred volunteers rated their own levels of self-control and their overall life satisfaction. - In a survey, volunteers rated their self-control (SC) and life satisfaction (LS).

The volunteers who rated themselves as having better self-control also reported greater satisfaction with their lives. - The guys who rated themselves higher on SC also rated themselves higher on LS.

This suggests that self-control is one factor that helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction. - On the basis of the results of the survey, the author claims that SC helps people avoid situations that might lead to dissatisfaction.

Gist:In a survey rating self-control and life satisfaction, people who rated themselves higher on SC also rated themselves higher on LS (support), Thus, SC helps people avoid situations that might lead to dissatisfaction(conclusion).


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Is it an Evaluate the argument question ?
The first clear gap in the argument is the assumed causal link. Here’s an example to explain it:

In a survey, it was found that people with bigger cars had more wealth. Thus, owning a big car helps one in attaining wealth.

Does the argument make sense? No.

The flaw in the argument is a classic one: it jumps from correlation to causality.

The author doesn’t stop there though. The psychologist does not claim that self-control helps people increase satisfaction. The claim is that self-control helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

First of all, satisfaction can be increased in ways other than avoiding situations that likely produce dissatisfaction e.g. by engaging in more situations that likely produce satisfaction.

Besides, let’s get into a little bit of mindfulness. Are people unhappy because of the situations, or because of the way they respond to situations? Can’t two different people face a similar situation and have different responses? Thus, we can’t say that self-control helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction. It is entirely possible self-control helps people avoid not the situations but dissatisfaction in such situations.



The goal is to assess or evaluate the strength of the psychologist’s argument. The evaluation can be done by playing on any of the three gaps mentioned above:

1. Whether correlation means causation
2. Whether self-control can lead to increased satisfaction by helping people engage in more situations likely to produce satisfaction
3. Whether self-control can lead to increased satisfaction by helping people not feel dissatisfied in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

There could be other pieces of information as well that could help us assess the strength of the argument.


A. people typically rate themselves as having significantly better self-control than expert psychological assessments would rate them as having
Incorrect. If we take expert psychological assessments to be accurate assessments, then essentially this option asks whether people typically were very generous in their assessments of self-control. However, without any additional information, this generosity should apply to both sets of people: those having more life satisfaction and having less life satisfaction. Thus, the correlation would continue to hold between more self-control and more life satisfaction. As a result, the reasoning in the argument will continue to hold as is. Thus, this option does not help in evaluating the argument

B. people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives could be affected by factors of which they are unaware
Incorrect. It’s easy to reject this option for the reason that it talks about “factors of which they are unaware”. However, let’s change the option to say:

people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives are affected only by factors of which they are unaware

Now, is the above option incorrect? Don’t think so. Why? The reason is that if people are unaware of these factors, it doesn’t seem likely that they’ll be able to use self-control with these factors. Thus, it would seem unlikely then that self-control leads to increased life satisfaction or helps people avoid dissatisfying situations.

The given option is incorrect since it asks whether people’s perceptions are affected by factors of which they are unaware. Even if there are such factors, their presence doesn’t preclude the presence of factors of which people could be aware. Since people could use self-control w.r.t. factors of which they are aware, they can still increase life satisfaction through self-control. Thus, this option doesn’t help us evaluate the argument.

C. there is a high level of self-control that tends to reduce overall life satisfaction
Incorrect. If I tell you that if you take a medicine in high doses, you’ll be harmed rather than helped by the medicine, does that mean that the medicine, in general, does not help people feel better? No. Similarly, this option will not help us evaluate the argument.

D. people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to temporarily decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction
Incorrect. The option would be correct without the word ‘temporarily’:
people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction

This version would be correct since it’d link people’s ratings of their life satisfaction with their facing situations likely to produce dissatisfaction. This link is the link between the premise and the conclusion in our argument.

The given option is incorrect since it’s talking about ‘temporary’ decrease in some situations. Even if people’s ratings decrease temporarily in certain situations, we have no indication as to whether any of the participants were in such a situation. Thus, the option has no impact.

E. feelings of dissatisfaction significantly interfere with people's ability to exercise self-control
Correct. This option presents reverse causality. The option essentially asks whether dissatisfaction leads to a lack of self-control. If it does, then this could be the reason for the correlation we observed in the survey (i.e. people who are more dissatisfied will have less self-control and people who are more satisfied will have more self-control). Thus, in such a case, we won’t be able to say, on the basis of the survey results, that self-control leads to increased life satisfaction.


If you have any doubts regarding any part of this solution, please feel free to ask.

Psychologist: In a survey, several hundred volunteers rated their own levels of self-control and their overall life satisfaction. - In a survey, volunteers rated their self-control (SC) and life satisfaction (LS).

The volunteers who rated themselves as having better self-control also reported greater satisfaction with their lives. - The guys who rated themselves higher on SC also rated themselves higher on LS.

This suggests that self-control is one factor that helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction. - On the basis of the results of the survey, the author claims that SC helps people avoid situations that might lead to dissatisfaction.

Gist:In a survey rating self-control and life satisfaction, people who rated themselves higher on SC also rated themselves higher on LS (support), Thus, SC helps people avoid situations that might lead to dissatisfaction(conclusion).



The first clear gap in the argument is the assumed causal link. Here’s an example to explain it:

In a survey, it was found that people with bigger cars had more wealth. Thus, owning a big car helps one in attaining wealth.

Does the argument make sense? No.

The flaw in the argument is a classic one: it jumps from correlation to causality.

The author doesn’t stop there though. The psychologist does not claim that self-control helps people increase satisfaction. The claim is that self-control helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

First of all, satisfaction can be increased in ways other than avoiding situations that likely produce dissatisfaction e.g. by engaging in more situations that likely produce satisfaction.

Besides, let’s get into a little bit of mindfulness. Are people unhappy because of the situations, or because of the way they respond to situations? Can’t two different people face a similar situation and have different responses? Thus, we can’t say that self-control helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction. It is entirely possible self-control helps people avoid not the situations but dissatisfaction in such situations.



The goal is to assess or evaluate the strength of the psychologist’s argument. The evaluation can be done by playing on any of the three gaps mentioned above:

1. Whether correlation means causation
2. Whether self-control can lead to increased satisfaction by helping people engage in more situations likely to produce satisfaction
3. Whether self-control can lead to increased satisfaction by helping people not feel dissatisfied in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

There could be other pieces of information as well that could help us assess the strength of the argument.


A. people typically rate themselves as having significantly better self-control than expert psychological assessments would rate them as having
Incorrect. If we take expert psychological assessments to be accurate assessments, then essentially this option asks whether people typically were very generous in their assessments of self-control. However, without any additional information, this generosity should apply to both sets of people: those having more life satisfaction and having less life satisfaction. Thus, the correlation would continue to hold between more self-control and more life satisfaction. As a result, the reasoning in the argument will continue to hold as is. Thus, this option does not help in evaluating the argument

B. people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives could be affected by factors of which they are unaware
Incorrect. It’s easy to reject this option for the reason that it talks about “factors of which they are unaware”. However, let’s change the option to say:

people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives are affected only by factors of which they are unaware

Now, is the above option incorrect? Don’t think so. Why? The reason is that if people are unaware of these factors, it doesn’t seem likely that they’ll be able to use self-control with these factors. Thus, it would seem unlikely then that self-control leads to increased life satisfaction or helps people avoid dissatisfying situations.

The given option is incorrect since it asks whether people’s perceptions are affected by factors of which they are unaware. Even if there are such factors, their presence doesn’t preclude the presence of factors of which people could be aware. Since people could use self-control w.r.t. factors of which they are aware, they can still increase life satisfaction through self-control. Thus, this option doesn’t help us evaluate the argument.

C. there is a high level of self-control that tends to reduce overall life satisfaction
Incorrect. If I tell you that if you take a medicine in high doses, you’ll be harmed rather than helped by the medicine, does that mean that the medicine, in general, does not help people feel better? No. Similarly, this option will not help us evaluate the argument.

D. people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to temporarily decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction
Incorrect. The option would be correct without the word ‘temporarily’:
people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction

This version would be correct since it’d link people’s ratings of their life satisfaction with their facing situations likely to produce dissatisfaction. This link is the link between the premise and the conclusion in our argument.

The given option is incorrect since it’s talking about ‘temporary’ decrease in some situations. Even if people’s ratings decrease temporarily in certain situations, we have no indication as to whether any of the participants were in such a situation. Thus, the option has no impact.

E. feelings of dissatisfaction significantly interfere with people's ability to exercise self-control
Correct. This option presents reverse causality. The option essentially asks whether dissatisfaction leads to a lack of self-control. If it does, then this could be the reason for the correlation we observed in the survey (i.e. people who are more dissatisfied will have less self-control and people who are more satisfied will have more self-control). Thus, in such a case, we won’t be able to say, on the basis of the survey results, that self-control leads to increased life satisfaction.


If you have any doubts regarding any part of this solution, please feel free to ask.

Psychologist: In a survey, several hundred volunteers rated their own levels of self-control and their overall life satisfaction. The volunteers who rated themselves as having better self-control also reported greater satisfaction with their lives. This suggests that self-control is one factor that helps people avoid situations likely to produce dissatisfaction.

In order to assess the strength of the psychologist's argument, it would be most helpful to know whether

A. people typically rate themselves as having significantly better self-control than expert psychological assessments would rate them as having

B. people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives could be affected by factors of which they are unaware

C. there is a high level of self-control that tends to reduce overall life satisfaction

D. people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to temporarily decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction

E. feelings of dissatisfaction significantly interfere with people's ability to exercise self-control


CR87051.01

Can you help me out with this question? Why D is wrong and E is right? Thank you!

People rated their own self control and satisfaction.
The two things seem to appear together (those who claimed to be high on self control claimed to be high on satisfaction too)

Conclusion: Self-control helps avoid dissatisfaction.

Our study reveals that self control and satisfaction are correlated. Our conclusion says that self control causes satisfaction (avoids dissatisfaction).
Is the conclusion valid? We need to find whether self control leads to satisfaction. What if satisfaction leads to self control instead? That is why they are appearing together.

This is what (E) suggests. It asks the question whether dissatisfaction leads to loss of self control (inverse of what we concluded). If that were true, then also self control and satisfaction would appear together but our conclusion would not be valid. Hence, we must find out the answer to (E) in order to assess the strength of our conclusion.


A. people typically rate themselves as having significantly better self-control than expert psychological assessments would rate them as having

Irrelevant. Both self control and satisfaction were rated by people themselves. We need to find the relation between them. How the ratings would vary if a psychologist rated is irrelevant.

B. people's perceptions of how satisfied they are with their lives could be affected by factors of which they are unaware

Irrelevant. We are talking about one of the factors only - self control.

C. there is a high level of self-control that tends to reduce overall life satisfaction

Self control and satisfaction appear together. We are trying to establish why. This option is not valid for our argument.

D. people's ratings of their overall satisfaction with their lives tend to temporarily decrease in situations likely to produce dissatisfaction

Temporary decrease is irrelevant.

Answer (E)

Hi KarishmaB! I understood why E is the correct AC, but can you shed some more light on why C is wrong? If a "high-level" of self-control reduces life "satisfaction", isn't is disproving the argument? Thank you!