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14 May 2020, 00:45
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True: Temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point in the past.
False: When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese.
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
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42% (03:06) correct
58%
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wrong
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Rock varnish is typically rich in iron and manganese, with the presence of manganese due to bacteria on the surface of the rock. Because the bacteria would not survive on the surface of rocks in the colder, continuously frozen, reaches of Antarctica, scientists were not surprised to discover that rock varnish in the Thiel Mountains area of Antarctica consists only of limonite, a form of oxidized iron. This had penetrated from the surfaces of the rocks into the cracks. However, although moisture is essential to the movement of limonite, snow has not melted in the Thiel Mountains in recent times.
Indicate which statement in the given information most strongly suggests is true, and the statement that the given information most strongly suggests is false. Make only two selections, one in each column.
Indicate which statement in the given information most strongly suggests is true, and the statement that the given information most strongly suggests is false. Make only two selections, one in each column.
| True | False | Statements |
| Moisture is required for the presence of significant amounts of manganese in the environment. | ||
| Moisture is not required for the presence of significant amounts of manganese in the environment. | ||
| When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese. | ||
| Rock varnish that is especially rich in iron is mostly found in extreme cold. | ||
| Manganese is unable to penetrate into cracks in significant amounts. | ||
| Temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point in the past. |
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Official Answer
True: Temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point in the past.
False: When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese.
26 Apr 2021, 04:14
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Official Explanation
The passage strongly suggests that liquid water is necessary for the formation of rock varnish containing manganese, and for the movement of limonite (and rock varnish consisting only of limonite). The frozenness of the Thiel Mountains is suggested as an explanation of the absence of manganese in the rock varnish there, suggesting that temperatures on the rocks are also below freezing.
The passage states that limonite had penetrated the cracks. This suggests that the limonite had moved from the surface of the rock, which in turn very strongly suggests (with the above) that temperatures on the rocks have been above freezing at some point. Because the rocks are continuously frozen at present, it can be inferred that temperatures on the rocks must have been above freezing at some point in the past (the sixth option).
Although the passage as a whole rather strongly suggests that rock varnish in continuously frozen areas tends to be especially rich in iron, any suggestion that rock varnish especially rich in iron tends not to exist outside of extremely cold areas is at best very weak. It would therefore be a mistake to choose the fourth option as a key (over the sixth option).
Because the second option is the negation of the first option, it may seem likely that one or the other is true. And indeed, the passage cites an absence of moisture as an explanation for an absence of manganese in certain places. However, not enough information is given to infer whether or not moisture is required for the presence of significant amounts of manganese in the environment.
The correct answer is Temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point in the past.
Given the strong suggestion, with the correct answer above, that temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point the past, together with the statement that rock varnish in the Thiel Mountains (including rock varnish in the cracks of rocks) consists only of limonite, we find a suggestion that manganese need not begin to penetrate cracks in rocks in every case in which temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing. This suggests that the third option may be false. This suggestion is much stronger than any such suggestion with respect to the other statements.
The correct answer is When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese.
The passage strongly suggests that liquid water is necessary for the formation of rock varnish containing manganese, and for the movement of limonite (and rock varnish consisting only of limonite). The frozenness of the Thiel Mountains is suggested as an explanation of the absence of manganese in the rock varnish there, suggesting that temperatures on the rocks are also below freezing.
The passage states that limonite had penetrated the cracks. This suggests that the limonite had moved from the surface of the rock, which in turn very strongly suggests (with the above) that temperatures on the rocks have been above freezing at some point. Because the rocks are continuously frozen at present, it can be inferred that temperatures on the rocks must have been above freezing at some point in the past (the sixth option).
Although the passage as a whole rather strongly suggests that rock varnish in continuously frozen areas tends to be especially rich in iron, any suggestion that rock varnish especially rich in iron tends not to exist outside of extremely cold areas is at best very weak. It would therefore be a mistake to choose the fourth option as a key (over the sixth option).
Because the second option is the negation of the first option, it may seem likely that one or the other is true. And indeed, the passage cites an absence of moisture as an explanation for an absence of manganese in certain places. However, not enough information is given to infer whether or not moisture is required for the presence of significant amounts of manganese in the environment.
The correct answer is Temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point in the past.
Given the strong suggestion, with the correct answer above, that temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point the past, together with the statement that rock varnish in the Thiel Mountains (including rock varnish in the cracks of rocks) consists only of limonite, we find a suggestion that manganese need not begin to penetrate cracks in rocks in every case in which temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing. This suggests that the third option may be false. This suggestion is much stronger than any such suggestion with respect to the other statements.
The correct answer is When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese.
General Discussion
14 May 2020, 12:48
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True: Temperatures on rocks in the Thiel Mountains were above freezing at some point in the past.
Since bacteria could not survive the rocks of colder surfaces,but still Thiel mountains had rock varnish that means in past the temperature was greater than freezing point in past
False: When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese.
This is not possible since without moisture limonite can't move down so varnish can't be there
Posted from my mobile device
Since bacteria could not survive the rocks of colder surfaces,but still Thiel mountains had rock varnish that means in past the temperature was greater than freezing point in past
False: When temperatures in a continuously frozen location increase to above freezing, cracks in rocks there begin to take in rock varnish containing significant amounts of manganese.
This is not possible since without moisture limonite can't move down so varnish can't be there
Posted from my mobile device
