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Source : GMATPrep Default Exam Pack
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds.
(A) by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
(B) by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds
(C) by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country had been attacked by the birds
(D) 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood
(E) 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds
86.JPG [ 96.61 KiB | Viewed 53762 times ]
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120450-800-wronged-magpies-fight-back/
AUSTRALIAN wildlife can be a real health hazard—and it’s not just spiders and snakes that are the problem. The first detailed study into magpie attacks has found that a staggering 98 per cent of men and 75 per cent of women born in the country are likely to have been attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood.
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds.
(A) by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
(B) by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds
(C) by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country had been attacked by the birds
(D) 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood
(E) 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds
Attachment:
86.JPG [ 96.61 KiB | Viewed 53762 times ]
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120450-800-wronged-magpies-fight-back/
AUSTRALIAN wildlife can be a real health hazard—and it’s not just spiders and snakes that are the problem. The first detailed study into magpie attacks has found that a staggering 98 per cent of men and 75 per cent of women born in the country are likely to have been attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood.
08 May 2012, 06:48
Kudos
Bookmarks
Hi All,
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds.
It is very important to understand the intended meaning of the sentence to ascertain the timeline of the events. The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia suggests that by the time 98% of men and 75% of women reached adulthood, they had already been attacked by the bird.
Notice that the sentence says that men and women had already been attacked by the bird even before they reached adulthood. This means that they got attacked first and then they reached adulthood. Now this can be reported in two ways:
a. “by the time they reach adulthood, 98% of men and 75% of women have been attacked by the birds.” (Reported in Present context)
b. “by the time they reached adulthood, 98% of men and 75% of women had been attacked by the birds.” (Reported in Past context)
Error Analysis:
1. This sentence uses past perfect tense for the event that took place later and present perfect tense for the event that took place earlier. In order to establish the correct sequencing, we must use past perfect for the event that took place earlier, that is men and women being attacked, and simple past tense for the event that took place later, that is they reaching adulthood.
POE:
Choice A: by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds. Incorrect for the verb tense error discussed above.
Choice B: by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds. Incorrect. This choice repeats the verb tense error by using simple present tense for the event that took place later when past perfect has been correctly used for the earlier event.
Choice C: by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country had been attacked by the birds. Correct. The verb tense error has been corrected here.
Choice D: 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood. Incorrect.
a. “that” cannot be used to refer to “men and women”.
b. “reach” is not written in the correct verb tense.
Choice E: 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds. Incorrect. We Have modifier ambiguity in this choice. Notice that “by the time they reached adulthood” is placed little awkwardly that makes it ambiguous that which entity it’s modifying. It seems as if it is modifying “who were born in the country”. This modifier should have a comma after adulthood to do away with this ambiguity.
PS – Pronoun “they” in Choices A, B, C and E refers to “men and women” because only these men and women reached adulthood. There is no other antecedent “they” can logically refer to.
1. Use past perfect for the event that took place earlier and simple past for the event that took place later.
2. Use the correct combination of verb tenses depending upon the context of the sentence.
3. There should not be any ambiguity in modifier reference.
Hope this helps.
Thanks.
Shraddha
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds.
It is very important to understand the intended meaning of the sentence to ascertain the timeline of the events. The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia suggests that by the time 98% of men and 75% of women reached adulthood, they had already been attacked by the bird.
Notice that the sentence says that men and women had already been attacked by the bird even before they reached adulthood. This means that they got attacked first and then they reached adulthood. Now this can be reported in two ways:
a. “by the time they reach adulthood, 98% of men and 75% of women have been attacked by the birds.” (Reported in Present context)
b. “by the time they reached adulthood, 98% of men and 75% of women had been attacked by the birds.” (Reported in Past context)
Error Analysis:
1. This sentence uses past perfect tense for the event that took place later and present perfect tense for the event that took place earlier. In order to establish the correct sequencing, we must use past perfect for the event that took place earlier, that is men and women being attacked, and simple past tense for the event that took place later, that is they reaching adulthood.
POE:
Choice A: by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds. Incorrect for the verb tense error discussed above.
Choice B: by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds. Incorrect. This choice repeats the verb tense error by using simple present tense for the event that took place later when past perfect has been correctly used for the earlier event.
Choice C: by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country had been attacked by the birds. Correct. The verb tense error has been corrected here.
Choice D: 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood. Incorrect.
a. “that” cannot be used to refer to “men and women”.
b. “reach” is not written in the correct verb tense.
Choice E: 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds. Incorrect. We Have modifier ambiguity in this choice. Notice that “by the time they reached adulthood” is placed little awkwardly that makes it ambiguous that which entity it’s modifying. It seems as if it is modifying “who were born in the country”. This modifier should have a comma after adulthood to do away with this ambiguity.
PS – Pronoun “they” in Choices A, B, C and E refers to “men and women” because only these men and women reached adulthood. There is no other antecedent “they” can logically refer to.
1. Use past perfect for the event that took place earlier and simple past for the event that took place later.
2. Use the correct combination of verb tenses depending upon the context of the sentence.
3. There should not be any ambiguity in modifier reference.
Hope this helps.
Thanks.
Shraddha
15 Sep 2014, 14:27
Kudos
Bookmarks
PiyushK
Really good question. Let me try 1 shot.
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
A. by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
Wrong. verb tense problem because people had been attacked before they reached adulthood
B. by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds
Wrong.
IMO, there is a problem with "who" --> it seems that ONLY 98% of men and 75% of women were born in Australia, 2% of men and 25% of women were born in other countries.
In addition, simple present tense (reach) + past perfect (had been attacked) is not a good structure.
C. by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country had been attacked by the birds
Correct. Verb-ed "born" modifies men and women correctly, not just 98% of men and 75% of women as in B.
D. 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood
Wrong. "That" never goes with people.
E. 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds
Wrong.
Problem with "who" (explained in B)
"had been attacked" should be placed close to 98% of men and 75% of women. But it's not the case in E.
In addition, "they reach adulthood had been attacked by the birds" is awkward in terms of grammars.
Best!
)
It looks like abhimahna already answered your question here -- when there is a modifier followed by a comma, the modifier refers to the subject of the independent clause. It is perfectly fine for the noun to come before the pronoun, since there is a comma there 
