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You can think of "the number" as a single entity, as generally it's the answer to the question "What is the number of X?" Since if you were to write down the answer to that question you would write a single number (whether that number is 25, 2, or 7), the phrase refers to one thing so you need a singular verb like "is" or "was"

Conversely, "a number" would refer to several individuals. If "a number" of people were standing outside the store, if you were to describe the size of the group, you'd say "several" or "many", both of which refer to groups of individuals. Because you're dealing with many individuals, you have to use a plural verb like "are" or "were".
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