The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the materi

The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.

(A) contact with it directly with -> It doesn't make sense -> What is it?

(B) direct contact with it by way of -> -> It doesn't make sense -> What is it?

(C) contact with the latter directly through

(D) direct contact with the latter by means of

(E) contact directly with the mystical level due to -> Due to cannot modify the verb "claimed".

Now claimed to have a contact -> claimed is the verb and contact is the noun.
So we cannot have an adverb modifying a noun -> "directly" is an adverb
We need "direct" which is an adjective modifying noun - "contact" . Hence D)

Just one thing: In C, 'directly' is an adverb that should be modifying a verb, perhaps 'have contact'
Actually, we have only an infinitive ' to have contact ', which is not a true verb but a verbal. Normally, you find a modifier close to what it modifies and even this so-called verb is far removed from its modifier adverb and to that extent, this clause has a word- order problem.
On the contrary, D is just plain forward with a noun modified by its adjective just in front. So D.
_________________

(D) The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have direct contact with the latter by means of ...

Doesn't it sound like 'the latter' relates to 'reality' rather than to 'the mystical level'?

Alexiaint wrote


I am afraid not; the material level of reality is the former and the mystical level of reality is the latter. 'Of reality' is just a prepositional intermediary.
_________________

Hm, I thought the answer would be D.

So my thought between B vs D is that B uses "it" in which "it" refers to the compound subject "material level and mystical level", and since it is singular, that B could not be correct.

However I can see that "direct contact with the latter" is a bit complicated. Any thoughts experts?

The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.

Option A and B: pronoun "it" is ambiguous since it cannot refer to any specifics.
Option C: "directly through" is ambiguous because we are not sure whether the actual contact is direct.
Option E: error in usage of "due to"

Only D left no error.

(A) contact with it directly with

(B) direct contact with it by way of

(C) contact with the last directly through

(D) direct contact with the latter by means of --- Correct

(E) contact directly with the mystical level due to


But OA is B? Need some expert explanation.

The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.

(A) contact with it directly with - Pronoun it does not have a clear antecdent

(B) direct contact with it by way of - Pronoun it does not have a clear antecdent

(C) contact with the last directly through - “with the last” is un-idiomatic

(D) direct contact with the latter by means of - Correct

(E) contact directly with the mystical level due to - Usage of due to is incorrect

Answer D
_________________

Choice A: Pronoun Reference Error.

Choice B: Pronoun Reference Error as in Choice A.

Choice C: The use of expression “with the last” is un-idiomatic.

Choice D: No errors.

Choice E: Use of “due to” changes the meaning of the sentence. The sentence now implies a cause and effect sequence – dream experience was the reason for the contact with mystical level of reality. The intended meaning however is that the contact with the mystical level of reality happened through the dream experience.

Thus, Choice D is the correct answer.

GMATNinja RonPurewal IanStewart DmitryFarber GMATGuruNY can anybody explain the usage of due to? In what context can this expression be used and what should follow it?

This question is based on Construction.

In Option A, the pronoun ‘it’ is ambiguous as it its antecedent is not clear. As it stands, ‘it’ could refer to either the material level or the mystical level of reality. So, Option A can be eliminated.

Option B also contains the same ambiguous pronoun. So, Option B can be eliminated.

Option C clarifies what the Quechuans claimed to have contact with by using the noun instead of the pronoun.
However, the adverb ‘directly’ is misplaced in this option. As it is placed in the sentence, it seems to modify the preposition ‘through’, a function that is not performed by an adverb. So, Option C can be eliminated.

Option E also contains the misplaced adverb ‘directly’.
Moreover, the preposition ‘due to’ means “as a result of”. So, the sentence conveys the meaning that Quechuans claimed to have contact directly with the mystical level as a result of an ichana.
However, the other options contain a word that means that they claimed to have contact with mystical reality through or by means of an ichana. Since the meaning is distorted, Option E can be eliminated.

In Option D, the adjective ‘direct’ modifies the noun ‘contact’. The adjective ‘latter’ also helps to identify what the Quechuans claimed to have contact with. Moreover, the phrase ‘by means of’ correctly conveys the idea that it is through an ichana that the Quechuans claim to have contact with mystical reality.
Therefore, D is the most appropriate option.

Jayanthi Kumar.
_________________

For more on the usage of "due to," check out this thread.

Examples of "due to" in official questions can be found here, here, here, and here. Enjoy!
_________________

Hi! I am not sure how D is better than C. In C it is clear that what directly is modifying as an adverb. In fact I found D to be a bit odd because of phrase by means of. Is there any other point of elimination ? Help. IanStewart GMATNinja avigutman

Hi,

In option D , i saw the use of "means of" , but i read somewhere that 'means of ' refers to 'a type of '. correct my understanding what is wrong with my knowledge , and how does that usage fits here.

Thnanks

I think (C) and (D) come down to a pretty significant difference in meaning, with regards to what it is exactly that the Quechuans claimed.

Is their claim about having contact with something, and this contact is achieved directly through a dream experience?
Or
Is their claim about having direct contact with something, and this direct contact is achieved thanks to a dream experience?

Do you see a difference in meaning? Which meaning do you think the author was attempting to convey?

Definition of "means":
an action or system by which a result is brought about; a method.
"resolving disputes by peaceful means"

I think both meaning could make sense. Like, both meanings can be correct. But I got another point of distinction. In C, directly is a bit far from the verb its modifying. Though its not an absolute rule, but it surely gives D a plus point. Thats how I understood it.

pk6969 C and D are both grammatically fine as far as I can tell. There's no rule related to adverb proximity.
Therefore, I fear that your takeaway isn't going to improve your overall SC ability. I want to dig a bit deeper into the logic/meaning issue - that's a much more useful, generally applicable takeaway.
Here's an analogy:
(C) I get sunlight directly through this window.
(D) I get direct sunlight through this window.
Grammatically they're both perfectly fine. But they mean different things. Which of those do you think is the more likely, more sensible meaning?

Dear Friends,

Here is a detailed explanation to this question-

Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of the crucial part of this sentence is that many individual Quechuans claimed to have made direct contact with the mystical layer of reality by using an ichana (dream) experience.

Concepts tested here: Meaning + Pronouns + Awkwardness/Redundancy

• For referring to the method by which an action is done, “by” is preferable to “through”.

A:
1/ This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "with an ichana (dream) experience"; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that many individual Quechuans claimed to have made direct contact with the mystical layer of reality alongside an ichana (dream) experience; the intended meaning is that many individual Quechuans claimed to have made direct contact with the mystical layer of reality by using an ichana (dream) experience.
2/ Option A suffers from pronoun ambiguity, as the pronoun "it" could refer to both "the material level" and "the mystical level".

B:
1/ This answer choice suffers from pronoun ambiguity, as the pronoun "it" could refer to both "the material level" and "the mystical level"

C: Trap.
1/ This answer choice uses the needlessly indirect phrase "have contact...directly", leading to awkwardness.
2/ Option C uses "through" to refer to the method by which many Quechuans made contact with the mystical level; remember, for referring to the method by which an action is done, “by” is preferable to “through”.

D: Correct.
1/ This answer choice uses the phrase "by means of an ichana (dream) experience", conveying the intended meaning - that many individual Quechuans claimed to have made direct contact with the mystical layer of reality by using an ichana (dream) experience.
2/ Option D avoids the pronoun ambiguity seen in Options A and B, as it uses no pronouns.
3/ Option D uses the preferred term "by" to refer to the method by which many Quechuans made contact with the mystical level.
4/ Option D is free of any awkwardness or redundancy.

E:
1/ This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "due to an ichana (dream) experience"; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that many individual Quechuans claimed to have made direct contact with the mystical layer of reality because an ichana (dream) experience existed; the intended meaning is that many individual Quechuans claimed to have made direct contact with the mystical layer of reality by using an ichana (dream) experience.
2/ Option E uses the needlessly indirect phrase "have contact directly", leading to awkwardness.

Hence, D is the best answer choice.

All the best!
Experts' Global Team
_________________

avigutman
I think in this case C is the more sensible because it means that I get sunlight and the sunlight comes directly through this window. whereas I think D means we get direct sunlight as if thee could be indirect sunlight. In case of contact we can have direct contact and indirect contact but not in case of sunlight so option C seems better in this e.g
However, I'm really struggling to understand the difference in meaning between C and D in original question posted. I want to understand the difference in terms of meaning . Can you please help to understand it ? Thanks.