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10 Aug 2025, 18:37
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There is a great deal of geographical variation in the frequency of many surgical procedures—up to tenfold variation per hundred thousand between different areas in the numbers of hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies.
What is it Saying? *That the number of surgeries vary a lot geaographically*
To support a conclusion that much of the variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedure, it would be most important to establish which of the following?
Question Stem... *If we make the conclusion, that much of the variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedure. Then which of the following things will strenghten it*
(A) A local board of review to each hospital examines the records of every operation to determine whether the surgical procedure was necessary. Tempting. But wait? If we establish this. Then can we say that the variation is because there is unneccesary operations? ...No this when considered true just establishes the board. the results of that could be any thing. We have to look for a statement that will say that the procedure variation is due to unneccesary procedures.
(B) The variation is unrelated to factors (other than the surgical procedures themselves) that influence the incidence of diseases for which surgery might be considered. Simple. A Causes B. Strengthen It. C doesnt cause B...Other things are not responsible for it.
(C) There are several categories of surgical procedure (other than hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies) that are often performed unnecessarily.
Okay So? We are concerned about the categories mentioned.
(D) For certain surgical procedures, it is difficult to determine after the operation whether the procedures were necessary or whether alternative treatment would have succeeded.
Ah? Weakens the arguement. We have to say that it was unneccesary, not to create doubt. Moreve, it says certain surgical procedures. this could be anything, just 1 or 2 of the above mentioned, or some others totatlly.
(E) With respect to how often they are performed unnecessarily, hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies are representative of surgical procedures in general.
This again doesnt strengthen the conclusion that variation is due to unnecessary surgeries.
What is it Saying? *That the number of surgeries vary a lot geaographically*
To support a conclusion that much of the variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedure, it would be most important to establish which of the following?
Question Stem... *If we make the conclusion, that much of the variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedure. Then which of the following things will strenghten it*
(A) A local board of review to each hospital examines the records of every operation to determine whether the surgical procedure was necessary. Tempting. But wait? If we establish this. Then can we say that the variation is because there is unneccesary operations? ...No this when considered true just establishes the board. the results of that could be any thing. We have to look for a statement that will say that the procedure variation is due to unneccesary procedures.
(B) The variation is unrelated to factors (other than the surgical procedures themselves) that influence the incidence of diseases for which surgery might be considered. Simple. A Causes B. Strengthen It. C doesnt cause B...Other things are not responsible for it.
(C) There are several categories of surgical procedure (other than hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies) that are often performed unnecessarily.
Okay So? We are concerned about the categories mentioned.
(D) For certain surgical procedures, it is difficult to determine after the operation whether the procedures were necessary or whether alternative treatment would have succeeded.
Ah? Weakens the arguement. We have to say that it was unneccesary, not to create doubt. Moreve, it says certain surgical procedures. this could be anything, just 1 or 2 of the above mentioned, or some others totatlly.
(E) With respect to how often they are performed unnecessarily, hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies are representative of surgical procedures in general.
This again doesnt strengthen the conclusion that variation is due to unnecessary surgeries.
clarification b/w options B and E:
option E:
Let's assume that surgeries in general are performed unnecessarily 15% of the time.
10-fold geographical variation:
Area A: Performs 100 surgical procedures. (15 are unnecessary, 85 are necessary).
Area B: Performs 1,000 surgical procedures . (150 are unnecessary, 850 are necessary).
Unnecessary surgeries only increase by 135 (from 15 to 150).
Necessary surgeries increase massively by 765 (from 85 to 850).
While unnecessary surgeries is representative of general trend in this example. the bulk of variation in surgeries is driven by necessary surgeries which does not align with the argument's conclusion. The fact to understand here is that merely being representative of general trend does not automatically mean being the factor behind observed trend. That factor (in this case unnecessary procedures) could still not be the leading cause while meeting the requirement of being representative of general trend.
option B:
It explicitly sates that the regional variation is unrelated to actual disease rates which increases the likelihood that the true cause behind up to ten-fold variation in surgeries is unnecessary procedures.
option E:
Let's assume that surgeries in general are performed unnecessarily 15% of the time.
10-fold geographical variation:
Area A: Performs 100 surgical procedures. (15 are unnecessary, 85 are necessary).
Area B: Performs 1,000 surgical procedures . (150 are unnecessary, 850 are necessary).
Unnecessary surgeries only increase by 135 (from 15 to 150).
Necessary surgeries increase massively by 765 (from 85 to 850).
While unnecessary surgeries is representative of general trend in this example. the bulk of variation in surgeries is driven by necessary surgeries which does not align with the argument's conclusion. The fact to understand here is that merely being representative of general trend does not automatically mean being the factor behind observed trend. That factor (in this case unnecessary procedures) could still not be the leading cause while meeting the requirement of being representative of general trend.
option B:
It explicitly sates that the regional variation is unrelated to actual disease rates which increases the likelihood that the true cause behind up to ten-fold variation in surgeries is unnecessary procedures.
14 Aug 2026, 09:30
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only B strengthens the claim that variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedures.
A,C,E - Irrelevant
D - confused me for a second but it is also irrelevant.
A,C,E - Irrelevant
D - confused me for a second but it is also irrelevant.
