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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 13 Apr 2020, 00:24
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

Which of the following conclusions about country Z's adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?


(A) Profit margins in those industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above.

(B) Those industries had to contend with the fact that other countries banned imports from country Z.

(C) Those industries succeeded in expanding the domestic market for their products.

(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by decreasing labor costs were taken in those industries.

(E) Those industries started to move into export markets that they had previously judged unprofitable.



Another question based on the same passage: https://gmatclub.com/forum/to-protect-c ... 67570.html


Show Spoiler
When the cost of the products rose, the competitive ability of those export-dependent industries that bought them was sharply limited. This fact strongly supports the claim that those industries did not have sufficiently high profit margins to enable them to absorb the price increase, so choice A is the best answer.
Given the limitation on their competitive ability, it is unlikely that those industries would be able either to expand their domestic markets (choice C) or to enter into new export markets (choice E). The other choices relate situations that would be possible but that are not strongly supported: other countries could have continued topermit imports from Z (choice B), and the industries may have unable to decrease labor costs (choice D).


What I don't understand from the explanation was how do they know for sure the profit margin is not "high"? What if the cost of product rose in other countries as well? What if the companies sell at higher price but high quality products therefore the profit margin is still as high as before? You know what I go about this!! There is no guarantee at all about profit here reguarding to the cost if we don't contribute to other factors. Therefore, this cannot be a conclusion. What do you think? This is question 95 from OG by the way.
Show more


- Country Z banned some imports
- Cost of those products to the buyers (some industries) went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

We are given that when the cost of these buyers went up, these buyers could not compete effectively in their markets (they export their goods).
So they could not manage to keep selling price same and had to increase it. That made their products in the market expensive and hence they were unable to compete.

We need an option that can be inferred from what is given to us.

(A) Profit margins in those industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above.

Yes, we can infer this. The cots for the industries increased, we know. Also, we know that they became uncompetitive. This means that they HAD TO increase their selling price too. This implies that their profit margin was not enough to absorb the cost. If it were enough, they would not have become uncompetitive. Becoming uncompetitive ruins their business.

(B) Those industries had to contend with the fact that other countries banned imports from country Z.

Irrelevant.

(C) Those industries succeeded in expanding the domestic market for their products.

All we know is that they could not compete in export markets. Did they expand their reach in domestic markets? We do not know.

(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by decreasing labor costs were taken in those industries.

We don't know the steps they took or tried to take. All we know is that they couldn't keep their costs down and needed to raise their sale price which made them uncompetitive.

(E) Those industries started to move into export markets that they had previously judged unprofitable.

Again, we don't know what they started to do.

Answer (A)
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 24 Jan 2023, 14:41
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avigutman - While I did select (A) - the other answers were clearly wrong .

My question is on the expression on the yellow, specifically focusing on the underline

Would you agree, all 3 are plausible scenario's under the phrase "sharply limiting"

Quote:
To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

Which of the following conclusions about country Z's adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?
Show more

(Scenario#1) Prior to the ban, profit per unit for exports was 50$/unit. After the ban, profit per unit is only 10 $/ unit [80 % drop]
or
(Scenario#2) Prior to the ban, profit per unit for exports was 50$/unit. After the ban, profit per unit is only 0 $/unit [100 % drop]
or
(Scenario#3) Prior to the ban, profit per unit for exports was 50$/unit. After the ban, profit per unit is only -5 $/unit [110 % drop]

80 % drop or 100 % drop or 110 % drop all fall under "sharply limiting"
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 24 Jan 2023, 15:59
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jabhatta2
avigutman - While I did select (A) - the other answers were clearly wrong .

My question is on the expression on the yellow, specifically focusing on the underline

Would you agree, all 3 are plausible scenario's under the phrase "sharply limiting"

Quote:
To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

Which of the following conclusions about country Z's adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?

(Scenario#1) Prior to the ban, profit per unit for exports was 50$/unit. After the ban, profit per unit is only 10 $/ unit [80 % drop]
or
(Scenario#2) Prior to the ban, profit per unit for exports was 50$/unit. After the ban, profit per unit is only 0 $/unit [100 % drop]
or
(Scenario#3) Prior to the ban, profit per unit for exports was 50$/unit. After the ban, profit per unit is only -5 $/unit [110 % drop]

80 % drop or 100 % drop or 110 % drop all fall under "sharply limiting"
Show more
I think what you're asking, jabhatta2, is: does ability to compete effectively == ability to be profitable?
In other words, if I can't compete effectively, that means that I can't make a profit.
Yeah, I think that's a reasonable statement.
With scenario #1 above, an argument can be made that if you're making a profit of $10/unit then you are able to compete effectively.
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 24 Jan 2023, 20:46
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Hi avigutman

avigutman
I think what you're asking, jabhatta2, is: does ability to compete effectively == ability to be profitable?.
Show more

If there is an increase in the price of inputs, the export-dependent industries have 2 options:

(1) Absorb the price increase internally by taking a hit on profit margins.
OR
(2) Pass on the input price increase to its customers by increasing the prices of its products.

Which option, between the two, did you think happened when you read the sentence "the cost of those products to the buyers went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.”

I thought the export dependent industries performed (1) when I read the blue sentence [I think that may have been wrong]

Did you think the export dependent industries performed (2) or performed (1) or we cant tell when you read the blue phrase ?
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 25 Jan 2023, 11:23
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Hi avigutman

avigutman
I think what you're asking, jabhatta2, is: does ability to compete effectively == ability to be profitable?.

If there is an increase in the price of inputs, the export-dependent industries have 2 options:

(1) Absorb the price increase internally by taking a hit on profit margins.
OR
(2) Pass on the input price increase to its customers by increasing the prices of its products.

Which option, between the two, did you think happened when you read the sentence "the cost of those products to the buyers went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.”

I thought the export dependent industries performed (1) when I read the blue sentence [I think that may have been wrong]

Did you think the export dependent industries performed (2) or performed (1) or we cant tell when you read the blue phrase ?
Show more
If you could pass the added costs on to consumers, you would. If you can't pass them on (because your competitors would be able to undercut your higher prices), then you take the hit. If that hit prevents you from being profitable, then you are no longer able to compete effectively, jabhatta2.
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 25 Jan 2023, 12:25
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Thanks avigutman

avigutman

If you could pass the added costs on to consumers, you would. If you can't pass them on (because your competitors would be able to undercut your higher prices), then you take the hit. If that hit prevents you from being profitable, then you are no longer able to compete effectively, jabhatta2.
Show more

The red (I think) is a bit subjective -- It really depends on the context and depends per owner.

Example – Your startup - Quant Reasoning.com

Avi's costs go up but Avi cannot increase monthly subscription fees to students. So, Avi has eat up the profit margin obviously.

Let’s say your monthly profit reduces drastically from 100$/month to 1 $/month

Are you going to keep quant-reasoning.com running (if you make 1 $/month only in profit)

You would say --- “Arghhh its just not worth it. Just 1 $/month in profits !”

Its just not worth it'

I thought of this scenario ALSO when I came across the phrase "sharply limit your ability to compete effectively".
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 25 Jan 2023, 17:56
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jabhatta2
You would say --- [i]“Arghhh its just not worth it. Just 1 $/month in profits !”
Show more
That's your mistake right there, [b]jabhatta2. Profit is what you are left with after accounting for all of your expenses. So, $1/month in profits is still a profitable business, why close it? When you say "it's just not worth it", what do you mean? It's just not worth what??
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 25 Jan 2023, 18:04
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Hi avigutman - thanks for the repsonse

avigutman
When you say "it's just not worth it", what do you mean? It's just not worth what??
Show more
Worth your time.

avigutman
That's your mistake right there, jabhatta2. Profit is what you are left with after accounting for all of your expenses. So, $1/month in profits is still a profitable business, why close it?
Show more

If you are spending say 100 hours per month to run / maintain / answer questions / conduct classes for quant reasoning.com

And all you are getting is a profit of 1 $ / month – you should shut quant reasoning.com down

It’s not worth your time (per my opinion)

You can work at mcdoalds for 100 hours per month instead earn at least 1600 $ (more than 1 $ per month)

Hence - Avi is not competitive given he is earning 1 $ in profits from quant reasoning.com because he can make MORE than 1 $ in profit working at Mcdonalds (working the same number of hours)

Thats how i thought of "compete effectively"

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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 25 Jan 2023, 18:17
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jabhatta2
avigutman
When you say "it's just not worth it", what do you mean? It's just not worth what??
Worth your time.
Show more
My time (my CEO salary) is already accounted for in the expenses, jabhatta2. I think you just need to brush up on the meaning of "profit" and "profit margins".
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 25 Jan 2023, 20:31
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Hi KarishmaB

KarishmaB

We are given that when the cost of these buyers went up, these buyers could not compete effectively in their markets (they export their goods).
So they could not manage to keep selling price same and had to increase it. That made their products in the market expensive and hence they were unable to compete.
Show more

The sentence in red confused me

How are you so sure that the selling price of the export oriented buyer has definitely gone up?

Perhaps the selling price of the buyer has stayed the same but the profit margin has reduced from 20 $ /unit to 1 $ / unit only.

Isnt same price but very extremely low profit margins an example of "sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets."
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 26 Jan 2023, 21:30
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Hi KarishmaB

KarishmaB

We are given that when the cost of these buyers went up, these buyers could not compete effectively in their markets (they export their goods).
So they could not manage to keep selling price same and had to increase it. That made their products in the market expensive and hence they were unable to compete.

The sentence in red confused me

How are you so sure that the selling price of the export oriented buyer has definitely gone up?

Perhaps the selling price of the buyer has stayed the same but the profit margin has reduced from 20 $ /unit to 1 $ / unit only.

Isnt same price but very extremely low profit margins an example of "sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets."
Show more

When the cost for certain sellers in a competitive industry goes up, they would try to keep the selling price same (i.e. let the profit margin reduce) to stay competitive.
If I sell shoes for $100 a pair in a competitive shoe market and my cost is $75, great! I have a profit margin of 25%.
If my cost goes up to $90, I could keep selling the shoes for $100 with a 10% profit margin. The business would stay competitive.

What if my cost goes up to $110? Now I cannot sell shows for $100. I need to increase the selling price to $120 and I would find that I am not competitively priced any more. I may lose most of my business.

In the original question, since we are given that cost went up and they were unable to stay competitive, that means profit margin could not absorb the cost.
Note that there is no other option that is at all suitable. Hence, this is the best.
CR brings real world examples and often they are not airtight. That is why we are only asked the 'best of the 5' so it's best to focus on that.
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 04 Jun 2023, 12:55
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Q1. Why is choice A. correct? The passage does not even mention about the profit at all.

An inference is a statement that MUST BE TRUE, given the information in the passage.
Apply the NEGATION TEST.
When the correct answer is negated, the passage will be contradicted.

A, negated:
Profit margins in those industries were high enough to absorb the rise in costs.
Implication:
The rise in costs did not limit the ability of those industries to compete -- contradicting the following information in the passage:
The cost...went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete.
Since the negation of A contradicts the passage, A is a valid inference: a statement that MUST BE TRUE, given the information in the passage.

Show Spoiler
A



Quote:
Q2. Why is choice D. wrong?

D: Steps to offset rising materials costs by decreasing labor costs were taken in those industries.

The passage offers no information about whether companies attempted to decrease labor costs.
Eliminate D.
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GMATGuruNY
Negation technique be applied to every inference questions
if it's true then negation technique just works for assumption and inference only or there any other type of questions for which negation technique works
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 07 Jun 2023, 10:53
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Negation technique be applied to every inference questions
if it's true then negation technique just works for assumption and inference only or there any other type of questions for which negation technique works
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The negation technique should work for any CR that asks for an assumption or an inference.
I would not apply this technique to other types of CRs.
For another example in which I apply the negation technique to determine the correct answer to an inference CR, click here.
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 11 Jun 2023, 00:54
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I know it is a CR question but it was really hard to understand. The word "Those industries" has been used twice in this question. First "those industries" refers to certain fledgling industries but there is confusion about the second "those industries" in the last sentence. Is it referring to export-dependent industries or certain fledgling industries? It created a big confusion for me. Also, the question asked for a conclusion regarding export-dependent industries which is best supported by the question. I don't know it is me only who is feeling odd regarding the language to ask for conclusion support. Thanks in advance for your help but I want to know that Is it just me or if there are really some issues regarding the language of this question?
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 14 Jul 2024, 05:43
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Quote:
 To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

Which of the following conclusions about country Z's adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?

(A) Profit margins in those industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above.

(B) Those industries had to contend with the fact that other countries banned imports from country Z.

(C) Those industries succeeded in expanding the domestic market for their products.

(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by decreasing labor costs were taken in those industries.

(E) Those industries started to move into export markets that they had previously judged unprofitable.
Show more
To answer this question, let us deploy IMS's four-step technique. 

STEP #1 -> IDENTIFY THE QUESTION TYPE

To identify the question type, we need to read the question stem. The stem states, 'Which of the following conclusions about country Z's adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?' What we have is a conclusion question.

Now that the question type is identified, let us proceed to the second step. 

STEP #2 -> X-RAY THE PASSAGE

Let us read and understand the passage. Let us also state the facts we come across while reading. 

FACT #1 -> To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make.FACT #2 -> As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

We can infer that the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products that certain fledgling industries were beginning to make and that the cost of such products went up as a result of the ban. We can also infer that the buyers of these products were actually several export-dependent industries in the same country. These buyer industries' ability to compete effectively in their export markets got limited thanks to the government ban. 

Now that the argument is x-rayed, let us proceed to the third step. 

STEP #3 -> FRAME A SHADOW ANSWER

In a conclusion question, the right answer links the unlinked terms or summarizes the entire passage. The right answer should also be 100 percent validated by the information stated in the passage.

SHADOW ANSWER: A situation that either links the unlinked terms in the passage or summarizes the info present therein.

STEP #4 -> PROCESS OF ELIMINATION

Answer options that go beyond the scope of the passage can be eliminated. 

(A) Profit margins in those industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above. - MATCHES THE SHADOW ANSWER - This answer option summarizes the info stated in the passage. If the increase in cost of the products sharply limited the ability of the buyer industries to compete effectively in the export markets, it is safe to conclude that profit margins in those industries were not high enough to absorb the rise in costs. - KEEP

(B) Those industries had to contend with the fact that other countries banned imports from country Z. - NOT A MATCH - Not worried about other countries. - ELIMINATE

(C) Those industries succeeded in expanding the domestic market for their products. - NOT A MATCH - Just because the increase in cost of the products sharply limited the ability of the buyer industries to compete effectively in the export markets, we cannot draw the conclusion that the industries succeeded in expanding the domestic market for their products. - ELIMINATE

(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by decreasing labor costs were taken in those industries. - NOT A MATCH - Based on the facts we have, we cannot conclude that steps to offset rising materials costs were taken. - ELIMINATE

(E) Those industries started to move into export markets that they had previously judged unprofitable. - NOT A MATCH - Based on the stated facts, it is not plausible to conclude that those industries started to move into export markets that had previously been judged as unprofitable. - ELIMINATE

Hence, A is the correct answer. 
 
 
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To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z b 24 Jul 2025, 02:35
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