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I got options c as an answered
--- Conclusion -- "the Installation of .... target"
---- The gap If better traffic flow attracts more people to drive Downtown the extract Demand cancels the throughput completely
---- Option A talks about timeline it's not a logical flaw ,,, Option B talks about mechanicals law it's not really to make the thing flaw It's more of a real world concern ,, Option D is compared with old system so yeah it's kind of irrelevant ,, And for option E it talks about cost and financial thing which is not related to the conclusion the conclusion is about congestion
---- And regarding option C I choose option C because Properly states that the Better traffic flow won't encourage people to drive more That's why it fails apart and yeah attacks conclusion properly !!
--- If anyone has any better reasoning or answer feel free to tag or share
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city M aims to reduce morning traffic congestion by 20%.
fot that city has installed new system for all traffic lights.
this system can increase the num of vehicles that pass through the major intersections every hour by an average of 25%

conclusion= new system installation will ensure the city meets its congestion reduction target.

A the timeline is not a issue here as long as it helps achieving goal. out.
B this talks about facing malfunction during initial phase only. if there is nothing in later stages and if its moving as intended, then it will achieve the goal. out.
C yes, if there will be more people coming then traffic will increase automatically and this new system may be effective but still cant help in moving more num of people coming every hour. so they must be assuming that num of people driving through wont increase. so this helps. keep.
D this sound good but the comparison can go either direction and we cant conclude with absolute certainty here. so out.
E as long as they are getting the desired result, thats what matters. so cost is not much of issue here, out.

choice C
Bunuel
The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defined as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%. To achieve this, the city council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million. Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of the new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

The argument above is flawed in that it:

(A) fails to establish a clear timeline for when the 20% reduction in congestion is expected to occur.
(B) fails to consider whether the advanced synchronization system will experience mechanical malfunctions or software errors during its initial implementation phase.
(C) assumes that the increased traffic flow through major intersections will not encourage more people to drive to the downtown core.
(D) provides statistical data from a new system but does not compare its performance with the city’s previous, older traffic light system.
(E) does not justify the $12 million investment by showing that the monetary benefits of reducing congestion will exceed the cost of the new system.

 


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The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defines as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%.

To achieve this, the council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million.

Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

Find flaw in argument

A. There is no mention of any timeline and conclusion is also not about any timeline for congestion reduction target. A specific timeline is not mandatory for the conclusion based on the argument provided.
Incorrect

B. Since conclusion is about capability of highly advanced synchronization system and not concerned with temperoray technical glitches during initial implementation phase.
Incorrect

C. If increased traffic flow through major intersections after implementation of new system will drive more traffic towards downtown core, then congestion reduction target by 20% may not be met.
Correct

D. It is mentioned that the new system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25% which is comparison statistics with older traffic light system.
Incorrect

E. The argument is not concerned with return on investment but about efficacy of new system in reducing traffic congestion in downtown core.
Incorrect

IMO C
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(A) is about not having a timeline for when the reduction happens: that's a fair observation, but it's kind of a minor detail. It's not really about whether the goal gets met, just when.

(B) worries about mechanical glitches or software bugs : a reasonable practical concern, sure, but it doesn't touch the core reasoning flaw. It's more of an implementation risk than a logic problem.

(D) points out there's no comparison to the old traffic system: but honestly, we don't need that comparison. We already have a solid number (25% more capacity), so the lack of historical comparison isn't really the weak link here.

(E) is about whether the $12 million was worth it financially: that's a totally different question from whether the congestion target gets hit. Cost-effectiveness and goal-achievement are separate issues.

So we land on (C) it's the one that actually pinpoints the argument's real blind spot: assuming better traffic flow won't just draw in more drivers and undo the improvement.

Answer: Option C
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Bunuel
The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defined as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%. To achieve this, the city council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million. Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of the new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

The argument above is flawed in that it:

(A) fails to establish a clear timeline for when the 20% reduction in congestion is expected to occur.
(B) fails to consider whether the advanced synchronization system will experience mechanical malfunctions or software errors during its initial implementation phase.
(C) assumes that the increased traffic flow through major intersections will not encourage more people to drive to the downtown core.
(D) provides statistical data from a new system but does not compare its performance with the city’s previous, older traffic light system.
(E) does not justify the $12 million investment by showing that the monetary benefits of reducing congestion will exceed the cost of the new system.

 


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My answer is C.
Structure of the argument:
Premise: This system... can increase number of vehicles that passes through... by 25%
Conclusion: System will reduce ... traffic congestion... 20% (=avg time waiting at red lights)

Reading through the flaw, I was trying to see which one will point out why going from the premise to the conclusion create a faulty logical flow.
A) Timeline does not affect the logical flow that if number of vehicles that passes through increases,, then we can expect a reduction in wait time
B) Same as A, still does not affect the logical flow
C) To reach this conclusion, the author must have assumed the number of vehicles remain consistent. C points out the flaw in the conclusion. Correct
D) It already does when pointing out the relative % increase
E) Out of scope - not relevant to our Conclusion's scope (which is to consider the effectiveness in reducing traffic congestion only)
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option C
because they have not assumed the problems post installation that it could probably increase the number of vehicles post reduction of congestion using the new system
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Correct Answer: C

A) The argument is not Time bound, therefore if the timeline is not provided its not a flaw. Rejected

B)We dont know if the metrics provided in argument does include that or not , maybe the it does and after ajusting to that the solution was suggested. Rejected

C) Yes , this could be the flaw as if more people arrive a downtown core the solution provided by new system wont work effectively and again it would lead to congestion

D)stats data is provided as it is stated that new system will improve pass through intersection by 25 %. Rejected

E)Passage doesnt tell us if cost is a factor in teh argument for implementing the new system. Rejected
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The answer is C.
The goal is measure as time spent waiting at red lights. The evidence is more vehicles passing through intersections per hour(throughput), the argument assumes higher throughput reduces wait time — but if more traffic flow induces more people to drive downtown, congestion and wait times could stay flat or worsen. This is the classic induced-demand gap between the evidence and the conclusion.
The other miss: (A) timeline isn’t the core logical flaw; (B) malfunctions are speculative and peripheral; (D) no comparison is needed since 25% is already stated improvement; (E) cost-benefit isn’t the claim — the claim is about meeting the congestion target, not justifying the price.

Bunuel
The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defined as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%. To achieve this, the city council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million. Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of the new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

The argument above is flawed in that it:

(A) fails to establish a clear timeline for when the 20% reduction in congestion is expected to occur.
(B) fails to consider whether the advanced synchronization system will experience mechanical malfunctions or software errors during its initial implementation phase.
(C) assumes that the increased traffic flow through major intersections will not encourage more people to drive to the downtown core.
(D) provides statistical data from a new system but does not compare its performance with the city’s previous, older traffic light system.
(E) does not justify the $12 million investment by showing that the monetary benefits of reducing congestion will exceed the cost of the new system.

 


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The answer is (C). We can eliminate all the other options as most of them are irrelevant.

The question asks for the Flaw / Weaken the argument. We need to demonstrate that the installation of the new traffic management / de-congestion software will not have the impact on reducing the congestion in the downtown area. By C what we can show is that there is no proximate connection in the de-congestion of intersections vis-a-vis the downtown area. Since there is no connect, the answer is C.

The rest of the answers can be eliminated as being irrelevant to making this connection.
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So the argument assumes that let's say there are 100 vehicles in the morning hour. Because there were fewer vehicles that were able to pass every hour through the road because of traffic signals, there was a traffic congestion. Now with the implementation of the new system it's trying to pass a more number of vehicles from the signals, which will enable the system to reduce the traffic congestion. It has given us proof that 25% more vehicles are passing through the signal every hour.
Pre thinking - Now we are not sure that there are only 100 vehicles. What if there are more than 100 vehicles that, because of this scenario, starts traveling on the road and this 25% increment in the passing of vehicles will render ineffective?
With this prethinking it will be easier for us to eliminate the wrong options.


Bunuel
The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defined as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%. To achieve this, the city council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million. Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of the new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

The argument above is flawed in that it:

(A) fails to establish a clear timeline for when the 20% reduction in congestion is expected to occur.
(B) fails to consider whether the advanced synchronization system will experience mechanical malfunctions or software errors during its initial implementation phase.
(C) assumes that the increased traffic flow through major intersections will not encourage more people to drive to the downtown core.
(D) provides statistical data from a new system but does not compare its performance with the city’s previous, older traffic light system.
(E) does not justify the $12 million investment by showing that the monetary benefits of reducing congestion will exceed the cost of the new system.

 


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A - it doesn't fail to establish a clear timeline because it has already told us during morning traffic congestion.
B - it doesn't have to be true necessarily because we are talking about when the new system is working perfectly fine. Whether it will face any malfunction or mechanical problem is irrelevant to our argument.
C - this is exactly as per our pre-thinking and we will keep this on hold.
D - it is irrelevant because the comparison between the statistical data from the old system and the new system doesn't affect the argument. On top of it the new data, which is a 25% increase in vehicle numbers every hour, is relevant and doesn't have to be compared.
E - it is irrelevant. We don't need any further information about a $12 million investment. Knowing that this money has been spent on developing a new system is enough for our argument to stand.

Therefore option C is the correct answer.
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Imo C, becuase if option C were to be true, that is increased vehicle movement were to move towards downtown core, then their plan would fail. so that i s the flaw in their argument.
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Aim: Avg Waiting Time reduction by 20%
New System: Can increase pass rate by 25%
Conclusion: City will meet its aim
Flaw?

(A) (B) (D) (E) Not relevant for aim to conclusion argument
(C) if increase traffic flow encourage more people to drive to the downtown, avg waiting time will increase instead of decreasing. This is clearly the flaw in the argument.
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A – WRONG – There is no time constraint mentioned, so it is not flawed with respect to achieving reduction at the given timeline.
B - OUT OF SCOPE - does not address any flaws.
C – INCONSISTENT with the data mentioned in the paragraph – no such mention of increased traffic is there. We cannot assume things.
D - CORRECT - A comparison between the previous system and the new system should have been done to justify shifting to a newer version. The data that is mentioned is just the listed feature, but how it'll affect traffic is not mentioned.
E - INCONSISTENT - The aim is to reduce congestion; cost and investment are not constraints that should be looked upon.
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A. The timing does not matter
B. This is a mere speculation that is based on nothing concrete
C. Correct answer that could break the city's plan
D. This is unnecessary since we already know the new system is 25% more efficient
E. We do not know the economic feasibility of the project
Ans C
Bunuel
The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defined as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%. To achieve this, the city council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million. Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of the new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

The argument above is flawed in that it:

(A) fails to establish a clear timeline for when the 20% reduction in congestion is expected to occur.
(B) fails to consider whether the advanced synchronization system will experience mechanical malfunctions or software errors during its initial implementation phase.
(C) assumes that the increased traffic flow through major intersections will not encourage more people to drive to the downtown core.
(D) provides statistical data from a new system but does not compare its performance with the city’s previous, older traffic light system.
(E) does not justify the $12 million investment by showing that the monetary benefits of reducing congestion will exceed the cost of the new system.

 


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The argument is flawed because: more cars can be moved per hour, then the congestion will decrease is not likely to be true as more people can come so we can't predict itll reduce by 20%

C) answers this
Bunuel
The city of Metropolis aims to reduce morning traffic congestion in the downtown core, defined as the average time spent waiting at red lights, by 20%. To achieve this, the city council has installed a new, highly advanced synchronization system for all traffic lights, an investment that cost $12 million. Since this system can increase the number of vehicles that pass through major intersections every hour by an average of 25%, the city council concludes that the installation of the new system will ensure that the city meets its congestion reduction target.

The argument above is flawed in that it:

(A) fails to establish a clear timeline for when the 20% reduction in congestion is expected to occur.
(B) fails to consider whether the advanced synchronization system will experience mechanical malfunctions or software errors during its initial implementation phase.
(C) assumes that the increased traffic flow through major intersections will not encourage more people to drive to the downtown core.
(D) provides statistical data from a new system but does not compare its performance with the city’s previous, older traffic light system.
(E) does not justify the $12 million investment by showing that the monetary benefits of reducing congestion will exceed the cost of the new system.

 


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The council assumes that because the new system increases the no. of vehicles passing through intersections, it will automatically reduce avg. waiting time by 20%
The flaw is that it ignores a possible offsetting effect.

A is irrelevant. The exact timeline doesn't affect the logic. Eliminate
B is out of scope. The argument assumes the system works; possible malfunctions aren't the issue. Eliminate
C sounds right imo. If smoother traffic encourages more people to drive downtown, the extra traffic could offset the benefit, preventing the city from reaching its congestion target. Keep
D is irrelevant. The argument only needs to show the new system improves traffic flow, not compare it with the old one. Eliminate
E is out of scope. The conclusion is about reducing congestion, not whether the investment is financially worthwhile. Eliminate

Ans : C
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A Timeline is irrelevant. The flaw is about whether the conclusion follows, not when it occurs.

B Possible malfunctions are speculative and not required to evaluate the argument.

C Right answer. If traffic moves more efficiently, more people may choose to drive downtown. Increased traffic could offset or eliminate the expected reduction in waiting time.

D We don't need a comparison with the old system. Knowing the new system increases performance is enough for the premise.

E The argument talks about whether the goal will be achieved, not whether the investment is economically worthwhile.

Answer C
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