Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator. (A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on (B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun (C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at (D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at (E) appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on This is Q14 of the OG 12th ed. (Q9 of the OG 11th ed) However: 1. I don't understand the OE of option (C), in that " sighted is not a complete verb". 2. I don't understand the OE of the top paragraph which states " The adjective visible is a complement and is parallel to the past particle sighted" Would appreciate any form of explanation. Thanks The New American Desk Encyclopedia - Page 1174 https://books.google.com.my/books?isbn=0452011094 Meridian, ‎Meridian Editors, ‎Concord Reference Staff - 1994 SUNSPOTS, apparently dark spots visible on the face of the sun . Vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, their dark appearance is merely one of contrast with the surrounding photosphere. 01.jpg 02.jpg

Here is a great post about the usage of although: Thanks AjiteshArun ! https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-use-of-a ... l#p1591758

Hi, GMATGuruNY While looking through your elucidations, I encountered your post in another form: you said that a VERBless clause invariably serves to modify a main clause that is in the PRESENT TENSE. Since the Magoosh sentence is not in the present tense, it is not viable. The Magoosh sentence: Although opposing slavery on philosophical grounds, jefferson owned plantations with several hundred slaves. I also wrote that While looking through your elucidations, I encountered your post in another form . Does this rule also apply for While ? I always write a subordinate conjunction + present participle with a main clause that is in another tense, not present. Now, I have a doubt about writing so! Could you please explain why the main clause must be in the present tense? Is it just a rule that we have to remember or is there some logic behind it? Thank you very much beforehand!

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Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic

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GMATGuruNY

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12 Jun 2020, 03:55

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varotkorn

I'm not sure if I'm mistaken.
Choice E: Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.

If "dark spots" APPEAR, then they MUST necessarily BE SIGHTED, right?
So, the "never" in choice E. is contradictory.

The usage of never does not convey a contradictory meaning.
Whereas appear (present tense) refers to the PRESENT, have been sighted (present perfect) refers to a PAST action that affects the present.
Conveyed timeline:
-----have never been sighted [in the past]------appear on the Sun's surface [in the present]-----
It is certainly possible for spots that have never been sighted IN THE PAST to appear on the Sun's surface IN THE PRESENT.

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Here is a great post about the usage of although:

Thanks AjiteshArun!

AjiteshArun

hiranthip

as some question key said that ,although should follow by a clause (S+V)

Although is a subordinator. The GMAT won't accept a sentence made with just a subordinate clause and nothing else. We'll just say that at least one independent "SV combination" needs to be present in the sentence. The important point to remember in this case is that the subordinate clause (the one that although introduces) does not always need an "SV combination".

Although with SV combinations on both sides
Although he was scared, Chetter kept walking. [correct]
Chetter kept walking, although he was scared. [correct, although can be placed in the middle as well]
Chetter kept walking although he was scared. [correct, the comma is optional when the although comes second]
Although he was scared Chetter kept walking. [incorrect, the comma is not optional when although comes before the independent clause]

Although without an SV combination in the subordinate clause
Although scared, Chetter kept walking. [correct, clause uses a verb form]
Chetter, although scared, kept walking. [correct, clause uses a verb form]
Although controversial, the deal eventually did go through. [correct, even a verbless clause is fine when although is positioned before or in the middle of the independent clause]
The deal, although controversial, eventually did go through. [correct, even a verbless clause is fine when although is positioned before or in the middle of the independent clause]
The deal eventually did go through, although controversial. [incorrect, although used in the second half without an SV combination]
Chetter kept walking, although scared. [incorrect, although used in the second half without an SV combination]

https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-use-of-a ... l#p1591758

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Hi, GMATGuruNY

While looking through your elucidations, I encountered your post in another form: you said that

a VERBless clause invariably serves to modify a main clause that is in the PRESENT TENSE. Since the Magoosh sentence is not in the present tense, it is not viable.
The Magoosh sentence: Although opposing slavery on philosophical grounds, jefferson owned plantations with several hundred slaves.

I also wrote that While[I was] looking through your elucidations, I encountered your post in another form.
Does this rule also apply for While?
I always write a subordinate conjunction + present participle with a main clause that is in another tense, not present.
Now, I have a doubt about writing so!

Could you please explain why the main clause must be in the present tense?
Is it just a rule that we have to remember or is there some logic behind it?

Thank you very much beforehand!

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Ilhomjon98

Because an introductory verbless clause lacks a verb, the implied tense must be clear from context.
While looking through your elucidations...
Here, it seems clear from context that the intent is to recount a PAST EVENT.
For this reason, no reader will assume that the present tense is implied.
The following sentence makes no sense:
While [I am] looking through your elucidations, I encounter your post in another forum.
Since the intent is to discuss a past event, it is crystal clear from context that a past tense verb is implied in the introductory clause, as follows:
While [someone WAS] looking through your elucidations...
Because the past tense is clearly implied, the sentence provided in your post is fine:
While looking through your elucidations, I encountered your post in another forum.

That said, verbless clauses on the GMAT seem to be constrained to the present tense, as discussed in my post here:
https://gmatclub.com/forum/?href=-og13-re ... 64-15.html

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14 May 2021, 20:12

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Why everyone is talking about meaning change in B when B is not even worth reading due to grammatical error in the end with non-underline part.

B are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun the Sun’s poles or equator.

Why can't we just reject B on this basis unless there is typo in B sentence.

please confirm Bunuel generis

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mSKR

Why can't we just reject B on this basis unless there is typo in B sentence.

Hi mSKR,

Option B can absolutely be taken out for the reason you mentioned.

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Can someone please explain why option D is incorrect?

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vatsal323

Can someone please explain why option D is incorrect?

Hi

I don't think anyone would like to repeat what is already in above many posts.
Key point for D: ‘although never having been sighted at’ is not a sub-clause; although is conjunction, we need a sub-clause. Without going into meaning itself, D can be rejected on basis of grammar.

Please check above posts.

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Dear pramitmishra0607,

I'm happy to respond.

First of all, let me commend you, my friend, for asking an excellent question! It's clear that you put tremendous thought and effort into the question you are asking, and that's wonderful. Asking excellent questions is one of the habits of excellence!

The answer to this is subtle. The word "although" is a subordinate conjunction, and as such, it introduces a full clause, a dependent clause. It must be followed by a full clause. The catch, though, is that small words, e.g. [pronoun] + ["to be" verb], in the clause can be dropped if they are implied, so what is printed on the page will not look like a full clause, but it really is a full clause.

For example, from SC13 above:
Though it is called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually . . .
The words "it is" are implied, and with those, what follows "though" is a full clause.

From SC36 above:
. . . it is indicative that the economy, although it is growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.
Again, the word "it is" are implied, making what follows "although" a full clause.

In SC17 above, there's no way to put in a pronoun plus an auxiliary verb to turn what's following the "although" in (C) & (D) into full clauses.
(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although they never are sighted at the Sun's poles or equator.
That doesn't work. The word "sighted," by its very nature, is a participle that is not part of an ordinary full verb. (D) is even worse: I have no clue what anyone would put in front of "having been sighted"---we can't really change perfect participles into full verbs.

That's the difference between, on the one hand, SC13 & SC36, and on the other hand, SC17. In the former two, we can insert an implied [pronoun] + [auxiliary verb] to turn what's there into a full verb. In the latter, we do not have that option, so the construction is wrong.

Does all this make sense?
Mike

Hi mikemcgarry

I am still not understand about this

Quote:

(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although they never are sighted at the Sun's poles or equator.
That doesn't work. The word "sighted," by its very nature, is a participle that is not part of an ordinary full verb.

This is the original (C) ....although never sighted at

We can add 'they are' as pronoun + auxiliary verb then (C) ....although they are never sighted at...' would be perfect sentence, isn't it?

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What's wrong with these sentence?
I, although being poor,am a honest guy

Posted from my mobile device

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06 Jul 2021, 16:30

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Jardani4908

What's wrong with these sentence?
I, although being poor,am a honest guy

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As I remember , although should be used as conjunction to connect 2 clauses ( must have one verb and one subject) but not 2 phrases

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How can something (here spot) be visible on a surface of Sun? This sentence should come under universal truth. Why we cannot use appear over here? I am so confused on this.

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pramitchatterjee

How can something (here spot) be visible on a surface of Sun? This sentence should come under universal truth. Why we cannot use appear over here? I am so confused on this.

Hi pramitchatterjee,

Appear may lead to the wrong meaning, but that's a pretty tough meaning call (and I don't recommend starting with the are/appear split). There are other ways to remove the appear options.

Also, are (like appear) is in the present tense.

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skim

Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.

(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on
Even though wordy it conveys the right meaning therefore let us hang on to it

(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun
This is a hot mess and just doesn't make any sense

(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at
This was the closest runner up however even though consice doesn't convey the right meaning

(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at
never having isn't the right usage and distorts the meaning

(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on
which modifies the subject from dark spots to Sun's surface which just doesn't make any sense

Therefore IMO A

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23 Sep 2021, 08:39

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I've a doubt in option A
There is no comma before but
If I am not wrong don't we use a comma in order to join 2 independent sentences while using a fanboy conjunction?
Since there no comma isn't it a comma splice?

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sarthakaggarwal

Hi sarthakaggarwal,

We can read the original sentence like this:

1. Sunspots... are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator. ← But joins two verbs, are and have been sighted.

Generally speaking, the rule that a comma must be used before a coordinating conjunction that joins two ICs isn't particularly reliable, and I don't recommend using it.

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23 Sep 2021, 10:13

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sarthakaggarwal

Oh is that so
I'll keep it in mind from now onwars
Thank you!

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Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.

(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on -> "But" hints for a contrast and
coordinating conjunction, which requires a verb. "have" works as a verb. There is no SVA error. Let's keep it.

(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun -> It changed the meaning. We know, sunspots can be visible on the surface, till now not on pole or equator. Incorrect.

(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at -> Although is a sub-ordinating conjunction, so it requires verb. We don't have a verb. Incorrect.

(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at -> "having been sighted" is incorrect tense usage. Incorrect.

(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, which have never been sighted on -> Now, which is modifying "the Sun's surface". It is not the intended meaning. Incorrect.

So, It is A.

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28 Sep 2021, 06:25

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egmat

Marcab

Hii Shraddha.
I had been through the SC course in which I was told that unless there is some quantity word, the subject cannot reside inside a prepositional phrase.
So as per that, I feel why shouldn't the "which" modifies the dark spots and not "Sun's surface".
Consider the example:
Most of the Indians, who are generally good at quant, prefer taking CAT.
IMO, I am talking about Indians in general and not about 80% of the Indians.

Now consider this"
The box of nails, which is black in color, is kept upon the table.
IMO, here which refers to "the box" and not "nails".

Please clarify.
Regards.

Hi Marcab,

Let’s begin from the basic, relative pronoun modifiers, or for that matter any noun modifier, modifies the immediate preceding noun entity. This noun entity can be a single word or a noun phrase. If the modified entity is a noun phrase, then the number of the head of the noun entity decides the number of the verb. Let’s take a set of examples here:
1. The box of nails that are rusted is kept on the table.
2. The box of nails, which is black in color, is kept on the table.

In sentence 1, relative pronoun “that” refers to “nails”. The verb after “that” is plural that makes it clear that the DC is talking about the “nails”.

In sentence 2, “which” refers to “the box”. Here again the verb “is” tells us what “which” stands for.

Now, this is a very common confusion that a subject cannot lie in the prepositional phrase. Here I would like to elaborate a bit. This rule that subject cannot be in the prepositional phrase only applies to the SV number agreement.
In both above mentioned examples, the verb of the IC is “is” because the subject of the sentence is “the box”. In such constructions, “nails” or the noun entity that lies in the prepositional phrase cannot be the subject. Hence the number of the subject decides the number of the verb.

However, this rule does not apply to the modification of the relative pronouns. Relative pronouns can refer to any noun in the noun phrase preceding it, even if that noun lies in the prepositional phrase as is evident form the above mentioned examples.

Now intheofficial question of Sun SPots, I have already explained in my earlier post, why "which" cannot refer to "dark spots". You can understand the reasoning by reading the article "Noun Modifiers can refer to far away nouns" the link to which has been provided in that post.

Hope this helps.

Thanks.
Shraddha

Please clarify:

The box of nails, which is black in color, is kept upon the table.

How can the above statement be right ???? Here the which is near the word "nails" that means whatever comes after which must modify or describe nails......If the intent of this sentence was to say the box was black in colour, then shouldn't it be as follows:

The box of nails, black in color, is kept upon the table ?

or

Nails is kept inside the box, which is black in color, and the box is kept upon the table ?

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Hello,

Can anyone explain why "although" is wrong here please?
I also had the feeling that it did not convey exactly the right meaning.

Moreover, is although always followed by both a subject and a verb (independent clause)?

Thanks

GMATRockstar