The increasing complexity of scientific inquiry has led to a

Question

The increasing complexity of scientific inquiry has led to a proliferation of multiauthored technical articles. Reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are usually coauthored by physicians from each participating hospital. Likewise, physics papers reporting results from experiments using subsystems developed at various laboratories generally have authors from each laboratory.

If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?

(A) Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are never conducted solely by physicians from just one hospital. 
(B) Most reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors. 
(C) When a technical article has multiple authors, they are usually from different institutions. 
(D) Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory. 
(E) Most technical articles are authored solely by the researchers who conducted the experiments these articles report.

oasis90 · Accepted Answer

The increasing complexity of scientific inquiry has led to a proliferation of multiauthored technical articles. Reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are usually coauthored by physicians from each participating hospital. Likewise, physics papers reporting results from experiments using subsystems developed at various laboratories generally have authors from each laboratory.

If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true?

(A) Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are never conducted solely by physicians from just one hospital. 
(B) Most reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors. 
(C) When a technical article has multiple authors, they are usually from different institutions. 
(D) Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory. 
(E) Most technical articles are authored solely by the researchers who conducted the experiments these articles report.

HUM-AM Methodology:

Step 1
 Read and Re-read until you understand what the argument/paragraph is saying.

Step 2 
 Read Question

Step 3 
 Read choice E first 
(E) Most technical articles are authored solely by the researchers who conducted the experiments these articles report.
 There are not mention of researchers in the argument. It only mentions authors. Furthermore, "solely" is a flag. Easily eliminate this

Step 4 
 Read choice D  
(D) Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory. 
 This can be hard to digest upon further reading. If you get right away and you are confident its the wrong answer, good for you and move on. If you are not quiet sure what the choice says, park it and come back to it. Bottom line is don't try to half understand it; either skip it and come back to it later or take the time to understand it

Step 5 
 Read choice C  
(C) When a technical article has multiple authors, they are usually from different institutions. 
 This generalizes a statement that is not even in the argument. It also reverses the argument. The argument says " IF  Reports/papers involving different patients/labs from several hospitals/labs  then  generally authors from each lab/hospital are involved.   Equivalent yet simple example: IF dog then animal. is true however if animal then dog is false.

Step 5 
 Read choice B  
(B) Most reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors. 
 This restates the argument. The argument says " IF  Reports/papers involving different patients/labs from several hospitals/labs then generally authors from each lab/hospital are involved. Note that "MOST" here is okay because the words "usually" and "generally" are used

Step 6 
 Read choice A  
(A) Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are never conducted solely by physicians from just one hospital. 
 We don't know whether this is true or not. The argument says Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are "USUALLY" coauthored by authors from each participating hospital. If it said "ALL" instead of usually then "A" would be worth considering

Step 7 
 See how many choices you are left with  
Maybe you are left with D and B. If you are crunched for time and you are pretty confident about B then go for B, if its 50/50 then read D again. 
(D) Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory. 
  "Researchers" here is a flag since its not mentioned anywhere in the argument. However, its not enough to eliminate the answer. the word "each laboratory" here is the other flag. We know from the argument that physics papers reporting results from experiments using subsystems developed at various laboratories generally have authors from each laboratory but we don't know whether these authors report results from each lab. Maybe they do maybe don't

Champion: B
Contender and Master Time Waster: D
Reverse Logic: C
Extreme Answer: A and E

Bunuel · Answer

OFFICIAL EXPLANATION

Answer (B).

Answer choice (A): The stimulus never discusses who conducts the studies, only who authors the reports. Thus, there is no proof for this answer choice and it fails the Fact Test. Even if you mistook “conducted” for “reported,” the answer choice is still incorrect because the stimulus indicates that reports involving patients from several hospitals are usually coauthored physicians from each hospital. Although “usually” could mean “always,” it does not have to, and hence it is possible that a clinical trial could be reported by physicians from just one hospital.

Answer choice (B): This answer choice is a direct paraphrase of the second sentence. The second sentence states, “Reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are usually coauthored by physicians from each participating hospital.” Answer choice (B) translates “usually” into “most,” and “coauthored by physicians from each participating hospital” into “multiple authors.”  Thus, the answer choice passes the Fact Test and is correct.

Answer choice (C): This is a Shell Game answer choice. Although the stimulus says there has been a proliferation of multi-authored technical articles, no comment is made about the frequency of multi-authored technical articles. In the next sentence, a frequency—“usually”—is given, but only for multi-authored clinical trial reports. The test makers give you hard data about the clinical trial reports, and then try to entice you into picking a broader answer involving technical reports. Answer choice (C) shows how the Shell Game can occur in the stimulus as well as in the answer choices. The stimulus of this problem switches from “technical articles” to “reports of clinical trials.” Answer choice (C) plays on that substitution.

Answer choice (D): This is a Reverse answer that contains a complex pair of reversed elements when matched against the stimulus. Let us compare the stimulus and the answer choice, using italics to indicate the reversed parts: The stimulus states, “physics papers reporting results from experiments using subsystems developed at various laboratories generally have authors from each laboratory.” Answer choice (D) states, “Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory.” The reversed pair has two notable features: 1. The numbers are reversed—authors from each laboratory have become researchers (authors) from multiple laboratories, and subsystems from various laboratories have become subsystems from each laboratory. In a nutshell, the “various” and “each” elements have been reversed in the sentences. 2. The pair also reverses logical position within the argument, as the stimulus states that the experiments generally have authors from each laboratory and the answer choice states that the researchers usually report experiments from each laboratory.

Answer choice (E): As with answer choice (C), we do not know enough about technical articles to support this answer choice.

yogesh1984 · Answer

A hard one took 2.28 mins to complete !

Marcab · Answer

B is almost the same as the part of the stimulus shaded in blue.
+1B

Monkeybiz · Answer

(A) Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are never conducted solely by physicians from just one hospital. 
 Clinical trials from several hospitals are  usually  co-authored. Never is too strong here. 
(B) Most reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors. 
 The text says that 'Clinical trials from several hospitals are usually co-athored'. Bingo, so most reports are co-authored. 
(C) When a technical article has multiple authors, they are usually from different institutions. 
 Text does not mention. 
(D) Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory.
 Relationship reversed. Just because the authors are from multiple laboratories doesn't mean that they mainly use sub-sustems from each laboratory. 
(E) Most technical articles are authored solely by the researchers who conducted the experiments these articles report.
 Multi-authored technical articles have increased lately, according to the text. But we know nothing about the ratio/proportion between single and multiauthored.

summer101 · Answer

B. Says MOST. Isnt it extreme?

I like D. 
Premise : Reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals -> usually coauthored by physicians -> each participating hospital. 
Likewise, physics papers reporting (experiments using subsystems developed at various laboratories)  generally  have authors from each laboratory.

Can anyone explain why D is wrong (if it is wrong) ?

KarishmaB · Answer

Responding to a pm:

From the argument:
Reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are usually coauthored by physicians from each participating hospital.

"usually coauthored" implies this is what happens in the usual case, barring a few cases. Hence it will be correct to say that most reports of trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors. 
So (B) is correct

Kratosgmat · Answer

(A) Clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals are never conducted solely by physicians from just one hospital. - "never" why not? the argument says usually so to say never is extreme
(B) Most reports of clinical trials involving patients from several hospitals have multiple authors. 
(C) When a technical article has multiple authors, they are usually from different institutions. - the argument only talks about 2 instances clinical trials and physics papers where authors are from diff institutions. What about other articles like a chemistry or bio paper we have no info about that. "proliferation of multiauthored articles" means an increase and a spread in multi authored articles it could be the case that more papers come from people from the same institution who coauthor technical papers.
(D) Physics papers authored by researchers from multiple laboratories usually report results from experiments using subsystems developed at each laboratory. - not necessary that subsystems are from each laboratory
(E) Most technical articles are authored solely by the researchers who conducted the experiments these articles report. - the argument only talks about multi authored we have no info about single author

VerbalBot · Answer

Automated notice from GMAT Club VerbalBot: 

A member just gave Kudos to this thread, showing it’s still useful. I’ve bumped it to the top so more people can benefit. Feel free to add your own questions or solutions.

 This post was generated automatically.

The increasing complexity of scientific inquiry has led to a

Prep Toolkit

Top 5 GMAT Debrief Videos

615 to 715 in 15 Days (Ria's Strategies)

More than Quant/Verbal Abilities: Speed vs. Accuracy

745 with Only Self-Prep and GMAT Club

From 555 to 765: 210-point Improvement

Perfect 805 Score Debrief by Julia

My Rewards

GMAT Critical Reasoning (CR) Questions

The increasing complexity of scientific inquiry has led to a

Prep Toolkit

615 to 715 in 15 Days (Ria's Strategies)

More than Quant/Verbal Abilities: Speed vs. Accuracy

745 with Only Self-Prep and GMAT Club

From 555 to 765: 210-point Improvement

Perfect 805 Score Debrief by Julia

My Rewards