Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period, it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter. (A) it takes three to four years for the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada to reach adulthood, and so they are (B) it takes the mountain yellow-legged frog of the Sierra Nevada three to four years until it reaches adulthood, and therefore it is (C) in the Sierra Nevada, mountain yellow-legged tree frogs take three to four years to reach adulthood, thus being (D) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years until they reach adulthood, thus (E) mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, and so they are https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/science/when-the-trout-arrive-the-amphibian-exodus-begins.html Also, unlike many other frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles to adults in one year, the high-elevation frogs take three to four years to reach adulthood, so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter. Those lakes are the same ones that hold trout. Unlike frogs ..........................., mountain yellow-legged frogs .............. Down to D, E. E is correct. The right idiom is: X TAKE three or four years TO REACH .

Last visit was: 21 Apr 2026, 19:06

It is currently 21 Apr 2026, 19:06

Toolkit

Sentence Correction (SC - EA only)

GMAT Club Daily Prep

Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.

Go to My Error Log Learn more

Request Expert Reply

Confirm Cancel

Apr 16
Sneak Peek: $200 Off GMAT Prep
12:00 PM EDT
-
11:59 PM EDT
You’re first to know: Save $200 on GMAT prep starting tomorrow, 4/13. Get 6 official practice tests and study with real questions. Be ready to save!
Apr 26
Score High on the GMAT with Target Test Prep
10:00 AM EDT
-
11:00 AM EDT
The Target Test Prep course represents a quantum leap forward in GMAT preparation, a radical reinterpretation of the way that students should study. Try before you buy with a 5-day, full-access trial of the course for FREE!
Apr 27
Try OnDemand GMAT Masterclass
11:00 AM EDT
-
12:00 PM EDT
Prefer video-based learning? The Target Test Prep OnDemand course is a one-of-a-kind video masterclass featuring 400 hours of lecture-style teaching by Scott Woodbury-Stewart, founder of Target Test Prep and one of the most accomplished GMAT instructors
Apr 28
Join - GMAT Day!
08:00 AM PDT
-
11:00 AM PDT
Whether you are just beginning your MBA journey or fine-tuning your path to a 700+ score, GMAT Day is designed to give you a competitive edge.

Back to Forum

Create Topic

Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-

1 2 3

MartyTargetTestPrep

Target Test Prep Representative

Joined: 24 Nov 2014

Last visit: 11 Aug 2023

Posts: 3,472

Own Kudos:

5,638

Given Kudos: 1,430

Status:Chief Curriculum and Content Architect

Affiliations: Target Test Prep

GMAT 1: 800 Q51 V51 Verified score

Expert

Expert reply

GMAT 1: 800 Q51 V51 Verified score

Posts: 3,472

Kudos: 5,638

01 Aug 2022, 06:18

Kudos

Bookmarks

Piyushggmat

They are restricted to deeper bodies of water....it is an independent statement joined by comma..isn't it wrong.

The "that" before "they are restricted ..." acts as a conjunction that correct joins that clause to the rest of the sentence.

GMATNinja

GMAT Club Verbal Expert

Joined: 13 Aug 2009

Last visit: 21 Apr 2026

Posts: 7,391

Own Kudos:

70,793

Given Kudos: 2,129

Status: GMAT/GRE/LSAT tutors

Location: United States (CO)

GMAT 1: 780 Q51 V46 Verified score

GMAT 2: 800 Q51 V51 Verified score

GRE 1: Q170 V170 Verified score

GRE 2: Q170 V170 Verified score

Products:

Expert

Expert reply

GMAT 2: 800 Q51 V51 Verified score

GRE 1: Q170 V170 Verified score

GRE 2: Q170 V170 Verified score

Posts: 7,391

Kudos: 70,793

05 Aug 2022, 11:04

Kudos

Bookmarks

Piyushggmat

They are restricted to deeper bodies of water....it is an independent statement joined by comma..isn't it wrong..

Posted from my mobile device

Good question. The word "that" creates a dependent clause that can't stand on its own.

"Philadelphia lost by 30 points" is a complete sentence.

"That Philadelphia lost by 30 points" is not.

So it's fine to write something like, "James Harden took 75 consecutive step-back threes, with the result that Philadelphia lost by 30." The portion in red is dependent on what comes before.

Similarly, the phrase "that they are restricted" can't stand on its own, so the construction is okay.

I hope that clears things up!

Tanchat

Joined: 31 Jan 2020

Last visit: 20 Jun 2023

Posts: 215

Own Kudos:

Given Kudos: 139

Posts: 215

Kudos: 21

12 Oct 2022, 10:56

Kudos

Bookmarks

Dear experts, RonTargetTestPrep GMATNinja and others,

I read all comments. Many people asked about -ed modifier.

Many explanations are provided but most of them are " -ed,_____________" or "Nount + -ed modifier"

What about -ed modifier follows a comma : ________(sentence/clause)_______, -ed.
I know that there is no touch rule, but I would like to know in term of grammar. What things that -ed can modify? Is it the same as -ing following comma?

vv65

Joined: 01 Mar 2015

Last visit: 21 Apr 2026

Posts: 536

Own Kudos:

405

[3]

Given Kudos: 778

Location: India

GMAT 1: 740 Q47 V44 Verified score

Posts: 536

Kudos: 405

[3]

12 Oct 2022, 20:54

Kudos

Bookmarks

Tanchat

What about -ed modifier follows a comma : ________(sentence/clause)_______, -ed.
I know that there is no touch rule, but I would like to know in term of grammar. What things that -ed can modify? Is it the same as -ing following comma?

This question seems unrelated to the current mountain frog SC question. Anyway...

An -ed/-en modifier (past participle) that does not follow a comma modifies something it touches.

An -ed/-en modifier after a comma at the end of a sentence typically modifies the subject of the preceding clause. But as a general rule, modifiers should be close to what they modify.

Here are some examples:
- The children fell asleep immediately, exhausted after the long trek. (children are exhausted)
- The children, exhausted after the long trek, fell asleep immediately. (children are exhausted)
- The children ate all the pizzas, famished after the long trek.
(children are famished, but it will be better to place the modifier closer to 'children')
- Famished after the long trek, the children ate all the pizzas. (no problem, children are famished)
- The children, famished after the long trek, ate all the pizzas. (no problem, children are famished)

Here are two examples from Purdue OWL:
- The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets. (The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
- Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence. (The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)

The Purdue OWL page on Participles is clear and informative. Please read it.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writ ... iples.html

Posted from my mobile device

ExpertsGlobal5

Experts' Global Representative

Joined: 10 Jul 2017

Last visit: 21 Apr 2026

Posts: 6,216

Own Kudos:

6,163

Given Kudos: 44

Location: India

GMAT Date: 11-01-2019

Expert

Expert reply

Posts: 6,216

Kudos: 6,163

13 Oct 2022, 05:47

Kudos

Bookmarks

Tanchat

Hello Tanchat,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, past participles and past participle phrases that act as noun modifiers function, broadly speaking, the same as any other noun modifier.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team

VerbalBot

Non-Human User

Joined: 01 Oct 2013

Last visit: 04 Jan 2021

Posts: 19,404

Own Kudos:

1,009

Posts: 19,404

Kudos: 1,009

30 Oct 2023, 03:25

Kudos

Bookmarks

Automated notice from GMAT Club VerbalBot:

A member just gave Kudos to this thread, showing it’s still useful. I’ve bumped it to the top so more people can benefit. Feel free to add your own questions or solutions.

This post was generated automatically.