Hi
yawloco,
Thank you for your post. As you begin to attend MBA events and information sessions, you will very commonly hear admissions officers describe the admissions process as "holistic," and that's true. MBA admissions is as much art as it is science, so it's difficult to attach quantitative importance to various data points or elements of the application process.
That said, GMAC did survey admissions officers a few years back to try to ascertain the importance of different variables. They came up with 21% for the interview, 20% for the GMAT, 18% for your GPA (I'd throw undergraduate institution into that category as well), 15% for your resume, 11% for your essays, 8% for your recommendations, and 3% for your short answers.
Although they came from GMAC, I would interpret those numbers very cautiously, as the relative importance for each can shift from candidate to candidate depending on strengths in one area and weaknesses in others, and depending on what "pool" of candidates you're applying from. I'd also argue that the importance of essays is underreported in these metrics.
Going back to my comment above about the "holistic" nature of the process -- admissions committees will want to see what you have clear, credible, and specific career goals; that you understand exactly why you want an MBA; and you have deep knowledge of the program to which you're applying and can articulate a specific understanding of your fit and how you'd contribute to its MBA community.
They will want to know your personal story, what makes you unique, what unique perspective you can bring and contributions you can make to a given program. They'll want to understand how you've advanced and engaged with organizations inside and outside of work, and what impact you've had on those organizations and people around you.
These elements show up all throughout your application -- and they bind your application together. They are, again, as much (or more) art than they are science. You can see how difficult it is to definitively quantify their importance.
You can read more about some of these elements here:
https://www.avantiprep.com/blog/the-mos ... on-process. You should also consider whether you're applying from an over- or under-represented pool of applicants, as that can affect how difficult it is to differentiate yourself as an applicant.
Best Regards,
Greg