Researchers noticing that women who had working mothers after having children tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps, and are now studying the impact of the working patterns of a woman’s parents-in-law and the preferences of her partner on her career.
A. Researchers noticing that women who had working mothers after having children tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps, and are
noticing is not a working verb. So there is no working verb before
are after the comma
B. Researchers have noticed that women who had working mothers tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps after having children,
, now – There is no conjunction after the comma
C. Researchers, having noticed that women who had working mothers tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps after having children, are
Researchers are now studying is very clear.
having noticed...after having children is non-essential information that has been cleanly separated with commas
Relationship between the researchers and the study, and the children, mothers, and grandmothers is very clear
D. Researchers have noticed, after having children, that women who had working mothers tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps
Researchers have noticed, after having children means that the researchers had kids. Odd, but OK.
that women who had working mothers tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps now studying the impact but this is ungrammatical. Who is now studying the impact?
E. Researchers, having noticed that women who had working mothers after having children tended to suffer relatively small gender pay gaps, and are
Researchers...and are is ungrammatical.