Each of the smallest particles in the universe

Question

Each of the smallest particles in the universe has an elegantly simple structure. Since these particles compose the universe, we can conclude that the universe itself has an elegantly simple structure.

Each of the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning similar to that in the argument above EXCEPT:

(A) Each part of this car is nearly perfectly engineered. Therefore this car is nearly perfect, from an engineering point of view.

(B) Each part of this desk is made of metal. Therefore this desk is made of metal.

(C) Each brick in this wall is rectangular. Therefore this wall is rectangular.

(D) Each piece of wood in this chair is sturdy. Therefore this chair is sturdy.

(E) Each sentence in this novel is well constructed. Therefore this is a well-constructed novel.

yashikaaggarwal · Answer

It's almost like kind of odd one out. 
In stimulus, 
It's given that smallest particles in the universe has simple structure. So Universe is simple structured body too. (What about bigger and medium components? There is a flaw in here)

Among options which is not stating the flaw is:

(A) Each part of this car is nearly perfectly engineered. Therefore this car is nearly perfect, from an engineering point of view.(What if it's not perfect from stakeholders point of view??) (Interpreting illogical means) (Incorrect)

(B) Each part of this desk is made of metal. Therefore this desk is made of metal.(Well if the desk is made of metal as given. It can't be made of wood or plastic) (Correct)

(C) Each brick in this wall is rectangular. Therefore this wall is rectangular. (What if the shape made from bricks is triangle? Illogical) (Incorrect)

(D) Each piece of wood in this chair is sturdy. Therefore this chair is sturdy.(So the chair is sturdy because wood is? What if it's structure is weak? It will broke right?) (Incorrect)

(E) Each sentence in this novel is well constructed. Therefore this is a well-constructed novel.(Okay, sentences are well structured. What about the meaning and other stuffs needed to make a good novel? Not stated. Flawed) (Incorrect)

Answer is B

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prateekchugh · Answer

KAPLAN OFFICIAL EXPLANATION

(B)  Parallel Reasoning (Logical Flaw, All EXCEPT)

In Parallel Reasoning questions involving logical flaws, it’s not enough for two arguments to be flawed; they have to have the same flaw to be parallel. The argument in the stimulus may initially seem logically sound, but look closer. It concludes that the universe has an elegantly simple structure. Why? Because each of the tiny particles that make up the universe has such a structure. But the elegantly simple particles may be assembled in such a way as to give the universe an incredibly complex structure. And there’s the flaw: a mistaken assumption that what is true of each part must necessarily be true of the whole. Four of the answers will have this same flaw, and will need to be eliminated.

(A)  claims that because each part of a car is perfectly engineered, the entire car must also be perfectly engineered. But if those perfectly engineered parts aren’t put together properly, the car will not be perfectly engineered. Sounds like exactly the same flaw as the stimulus. Eliminate.

(B)  is structured in much the same way as the stimulus, yet doesn’t commit the flaw. If every part of the desk is made of metal, the desk can’t be made of anything else but metal.  (B)  actually demonstrates correct reasoning, and is therefore our answer.
 
 (C)  Each brick in the wall may be rectangular, but that doesn’t guarantee the same about the shape of the wall itself. That would depend on the arrangement of the bricks. Same flaw as the stimulus, so we have to eliminate this one, too.

(D)  One can use individually sturdy pieces of wood to create a chair that isn’t so sturdy. What if the pieces of wood aren’t glued together properly, for example? Eliminate.

(E)  Again, well-constructed sentences don’t guarantee a well-constructed novel, especially if the sentences have no logical relationship to each other. Same flaw; eliminate.

ravigupta2912 · Answer

Argument analysis 
Sum of parts = Consolidated sum. ----> sum of simple parts = simple whole.

We have to pick the option that DOES NOT follow the above logic.

(A) Each part of this car is nearly perfectly engineered. Therefore this car is nearly perfect, from an engineering point of view. -- Follows the same flawed logic of whole = sum of parts.

(B) Each part of this desk is made of metal. Therefore this desk is made of metal. -- The flawed logic is not applicable here. Correct answer.

(C) Each brick in this wall is rectangular. Therefore this wall is rectangular. -- Incorrect. Whole = sum of parts.

(D) Each piece of wood in this chair is sturdy. Therefore this chair is sturdy. -- same as C.

(E) Each sentence in this novel is well constructed. Therefore this is a well-constructed novel. -- same as C.

Romil042 · Answer

Can you please explain how the analogy for option B is inline with the premise and not the analogy for option C?
 Bunuel   GMATNinja   VeritasKarishma

KarishmaB · Answer

Each of the smallest particles in the universe has an elegantly simple structure. Since these particles compose the universe, we can conclude that the universe itself has an elegantly simple structure.

This tells us that because the parts that compose the universe have a certain property, the universe has that property. 
This logic is flawed, right? The compositional particles may be simple but they may be arranged in a much more complex way to make the universe. 
Notice that this is an EXCEPT question. You need 4 options that mirror this logic and 1 that does not.

(A) Each part of this car is nearly perfectly engineered. Therefore this car is nearly perfect, from an engineering point of view.

Each part is perfect but all parts may not have been put together perfectly so the car may not be perfect. Same logic as argument.

(B) Each part of this desk is made of metal. Therefore this desk is made of metal.

If each part is made of metal, no matter how you put together the parts, the desk will be made of metal. There is no flaw in this logic and it is not like the argument.

(C) Each brick in this wall is rectangular. Therefore this wall is rectangular.

Each brick is rectangular but the bricks may be put together in any pattern to give a non rectangular wall. Same logic as argument.

(D) Each piece of wood in this chair is sturdy. Therefore this chair is sturdy.

Each piece may be sturdy but perhaps the pieces are put together in a way to make the chair fragile. Same logic as argument.

(E) Each sentence in this novel is well constructed. Therefore this is a well-constructed novel.

Each sentence may be well constructed but the sentences may not have been put together well to make a well constructed novel. Same logic as argument.

Answer (B)

Romil042 · Answer

Thank you. 
I was trying not making that analogy of arrangement. The arrangement made option A, B, and D, a clear cut inline with the argument.

unraveled · Answer

Each of the smallest particles in the universe has an elegantly simple structure. Since these particles compose the universe, we can conclude that the universe itself has an elegantly simple structure.

Each of the following arguments exhibits flawed reasoning similar to that in the argument above EXCEPT:

(A)  Each part of this car is nearly perfectly engineered . Therefore this  car is nearly perfect , from an engineering point of view. - WRONG. How the part are fixed determines whether the car is nearly perfect or not. Not necessarily it has to be.

(B)  Each part of this desk is made of metal . Therefore this  desk is made of metal . - CORRECT. If each part is made of metal then desk must be of metal only.

(C)  Each brick  in this wall  is rectangular . Therefore this  wall is rectangular . - WRONG. Not necessary.

(D)  Each piece of wood  in this chair is  sturdy . Therefore this  chair is sturdy . - WRONG. Not necessary.

(E) Each  sentence  in this novel is  well constructed . Therefore this is a  well-constructed novel . - WRONG. Not necessary.

Answer B.

VerbalBot · Answer

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Each of the smallest particles in the universe

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