In countries where automobile insurance (3)

Question

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered.  Presently; no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless,  these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators : that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.

(B) The first is a claim that has been used to support a position that the argument accepts; the second is a position that the argument rejects.

(C) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding.

(D) The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning one alleged implication.

(E) The first is a finding, the explanation of which is at issue in the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against the explanation that the argument defends.

amansingh1995 · Answer

Dear Experts

Please help me to understand why D as I was stuck with the options C and E.

Oppenheimer1945 · Answer

How to reject option C?  MartyMurray

MartyMurray · Answer

Here's (C).

(C) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding.

The first is not a finding whose accuracy is evaluated. After all, the argument does not involve any questioning of the accuracy of the first. Rather, the argument states the first as fact, in other words, assumes that it is accurate, and then discusses the implications of that fact.

Then, the second is not a judgment of the accuracy of the first. Rather, it's a conclusion about another conclusion that's based on the first.

sherlocked221B · Answer

b_sudharsan  Could you please provide the explanation for this one? I chose option E.

Thank you!

bronaugust · Answer

Hi,  jaswanth_ss  !

To answer this question, let us deploy    IMS's four-step technique   .

STEP #1  ->   IDENTIFY THE QUESTION TYPE

Let us read the question stem first. The stem states, 'In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?' What we have is a  boldface  question.

Now that the question type is identified, let us proceed to the second step.

STEP #2  ->   X-RAY THE ARGUMENT

In a boldface question, it is a must to x-ray the argument and understand the story. While x-raying, distinguish the facts from the views. Views could be claims, hypotheses, objections, predictions, conclusions, judgements, and the like. You must also learn to separate the author's views from those of the others in the argument. Let us now x-ray the argument and distinguish the facts from opinions.

SENTENCE #1 -> In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. -  FACT

SENTENCE #2 -> Presently; no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. -  FACT DOVETAILED WITH AUTHOR'S VIEW

SENTENCE #3 -> Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators: that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. -  AUTHOR'S VIEW DOVETAILED WITH THE VIEW OF COMMENTATORS

SENTENCE #4 -> Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered. -  AUTHOR'S VIEW

Now that we have x-rayed the argument, let us proceed to the third step.

STEP #3  ->   FRAME A SHADOW ANSWER

In order to frame a shadow answer, we need to know the roles that both the bolfaces play in the argument.

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. -   This boldface is a fact and not an opinion of the author.

these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators -   This boldface is clearly the author's opinion.

SHADOW ANSWER:   An option that clearly indicates that the first one is a fact, not an opinion of the author, and the second one is actually the author's own opinion besides expressing the relationships shared by these boldfaces with other parts of the argument accurately.

Now that we know what our right answer should do, let us proceed to the final step.

STEP #4  ->   PROCESS OF ELIMINATION

All answer options that do not match the shadow answer can be eliminated.

(A) The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim. -   NOT A MATCH   -  A claim is an opinion, and we know that the first one is a fact and not an opinion.  -   ELIMINATE

(B) The first is a claim that has been used to support a position that the argument accepts; the second is a position that the argument rejects. -   NOT A MATCH   -  Again, the first boldface is not a claim.  -   ELIMINATE

(C) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding. -   NOT A MATCH   -  While the first could be called a finding (as findings are nothing but facts), the author does not evaluate its accuracy in the argument.  -   ELIMINATE

(D) The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning one alleged implication. -   MATCHES THE SHADOW ANSWER   -  The finding:   In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered.   The implications (inferences):   (1) That in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. (2) in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.   Are these implications at issue (in disagreement)?   Yes!   The judgement:     These facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators.   Is this judgement reached by the argument concerning one alleged implication?   Yes, concerning (1).  -   KEEP

(E) The first is a finding, the explanation of which is at issue in the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against the explanation that the argument defends. -   NOT A MATCH   -  Do we have an explanation to the finding in the argument? No!  -   ELIMINATE

Hence, D is the right answer.

In countries where automobile insurance (3)

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615 to 715 in 15 Days (Ria's Strategies)

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In countries where automobile insurance (3)