12 Days of Christmas GMAT Competition - Day 9: The Fifth Council of

Question

12 Days of Christmas 🎅 GMAT Competition with Lots of Questions & Fun

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms  including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges .

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included
(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Bunuel · Accepted Answer

Experts' Global Official Explanation:

Grammatical Construction + Verb Forms + Meaning + Modifiers + Redundancy/Awkwardness

Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for reforms that included the education of priests and called for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

• In a “noun + comma + phrase” construction, the phrase must correctly modify the noun; this is one of the most frequently tested concepts on GMAT sentence correction.
• The infinitive verb form (“to + base form of verb"- "to + include" in this sentence) is the preferred construction for referring to the purpose of an action.

A. Trap. This answer choice incorrectly modifies “reforms” with “including the education of priests” and incorrectly modifies “influence in France” with “including the confirmation…”, incorrectly implying that the education of priests was one specific type of reform that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for and that the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges were elements of the Holy See’s influence in France; the intended meaning is that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for reforms that included the education of priests and called for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  through  the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges; please remember, in a “noun + comma + phrase” construction, the phrase must correctly modify the noun.

B. Trap. This answer choice incorrectly modifies “influence in France” with “to include the confirmation”, incorrectly implying that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France,  for the purpose of  including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges; the intended meaning is that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France,  through  the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges; please remember, the infinitive verb form (“to + base form of verb"- "to + include" in this sentence) is the preferred construction for referring to the purpose of an action.

C. This answer choice incorrectly modifies “influence in France” with “to include the confirmation”, incorrectly implying that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France, for the purpose of including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges; the intended meaning is that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France,  through  the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges; please remember, the infinitive verb form (“to + base form of verb"- "to + include" in this sentence) is the preferred construction for referring to the purpose of an action. Further, Option C uses the needlessly wordy phrase “with the education of priests included”, leading to awkwardness. Additionally, Option C is free of any awkwardness or redundancy. 
 
D. This answer choice incorrectly modifies “called for reforms” with “to include the education of priests”, incorrectly implying that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for reforms  for the purpose of  including the education of priests; the intended meaning is that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for reforms that included the education of priests; please remember, the infinitive verb form (“to + base form of verb"- "to + include" in this sentence) is the preferred construction for referring to the purpose of an action.

E. Correct.  This answer choice correctly modifies “reforms” with “that included…” and correctly modifies “expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France” with “through the confirmation…”, conveying the intended meaning of the sentence- that the Fifth Council of the Lateran called for reforms that included the education of priests and called for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

E is the best answer choice.

____________________________
  Video Explanation:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=220oUYd1uSk

nivivacious · Answer

(A) Incorrect: The use of "including" twice makes it confusing and unclear.
(B) Correct: It clearly separates the two reforms (education of priests and expansion of influence in France) and specifies what the expansion of influence includes.
(C) Incorrect: The usage of "with the education of priests included" is awkward and unclear. Option B is better.
(D) Incorrect: The usage of "with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included" is awkward and unclear. Option B is better
(E) Incorrect: The phrase "through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges" suggests that the expansion of influence was achieved by these two actions which is not the intended meaning.

Schinchan_bh · Answer

The correct option is (B):

"That included the education of priests, and for the expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges."

This option provides a clearer and grammatically correct structure for the sentence. It properly uses "that included" to introduce the list of reforms called for by the Fifth Council of the Lateran and maintains parallelism in listing the education of priests and the expansion of the Holy See's influence in France.

SushantPaudel · Answer

Option D is correct IMO

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
- This option is awkwardly structured. The repetition of "including" makes the sentence less clear.

(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

- This option is clearer than (A), but it still lacks parallelism.

(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

- The use of "with" creates a slightly disjointed structure.

(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included

- This option provides a more streamlined and grammatically sound structure. The use of "to include" maintains parallelism.

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

- This option is not as clear as (D). The use of "through the confirmation" makes the sentence less direct and may imply a different relationship between the elements.

Archit3110 · Answer

option A & C can be eliminated for use of including and with
 (B) that included the education of priests , a nd for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
  we have two issues ,and and meaning issue

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
  through the ... is wrong 
 
(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included

OPTION D is correct

sj296 · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran called for reforms 
that included the education of priests and 
for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through 
the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and 
abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

(A)  including  the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges ................Meaning issue

(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s  influence in France to include the  confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges............................expansion through should be used. intended meaning is not conveyed.

(C)  with the education of priests included  and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  to include the  confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges................Meaning issue. Also 'reforms with' doesn't make any sense here.

(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Option E

DongTan · Answer

(A) is incorrect because it lacks proper parallelism. The phrase "including the education of priests" is not parallel to the subsequent phrases "expansion of the Holy See's influence in France" and "confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges."

(B) is incorrect because it lacks clarity in its structure. The use of "that" is ambiguous, and the phrase "and for expansion" is not parallel to the subsequent phrases "the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges."

(C) is correct. It maintains parallelism by using the preposition "with" followed by two parallel phrases: "the education of priests included" and "for expansion of the Holy See's influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges."

(D) is incorrect because it lacks parallelism. The phrase "to include the education of priests" is not parallel to the subsequent phrase "for expansion of the Holy See's influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included."

(E) is incorrect due to the use of the wrong preposition. Instead of "through," the correct preposition should be "to" in order to maintain parallelism with the subsequent phrase "for expansion of the Holy See's influence in France."

In conclusion, the correct answer choice is (C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

GmatTest2026 · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms  including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges .

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Incorrect 
(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Incorrect 
(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Incorrect 
(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included Correct 
(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Incorrect

vishal_gupta · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms  including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges .

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (Incorrect parallelism.)
(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (, before and is incorrect. Sentence doesn''t maintain parallelism)
(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (usage of with is incorrect.) 
 (D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included (Correct parallelism joining two clauses after the word 'called') 
 (E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (Incorrect parallelism. )

paulkim46 · Answer

Answer: (D)

(A): Wrong choice of verbiage ('including')
(B): Poor parallel structure ('that included ... for expansion)
(C): Incorrect preposition use ('with')
(D): Correct
(E): Similar issue as (B).

juancarlos12 · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in  France including  the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges  --> Wrong modification France including 
(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges  -->Wrong parallelism 
 (C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges  -->Right parallelism and right construction  
(D)  to include  the education of priests and  for expansion  of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included -->Wrong parallelism
(E) that included the education  of priests and for expansion  of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges -->Change of meaning

Right answer: C

Elite097 · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Reform did not include expansion hence incorrect

(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Use of to include is incorrect as there is no implied purpose

(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Use of with is incorrect and it is unnecessarily awkwardly worded

(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included
To include is wrong as reforms were not called to include something

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Correct parallelism b/w called for expansion and called for reforms and meaning is clear

Ans E

rd1009 · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms  including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges .

(A)  including the education  of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  including the confirmation  of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 incorrect modifier usage -- 'reforms that included' correctly modifies the reforms

(B)  that included  the education of priests, and for  expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation  of the Concordat of Bologna  and abrogation  of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 modifier usage is correct; however, the expansion of the influence didn't include the confrmation of xxx and the abrogation of xxx, rather the the expansion of the influence was carried out through the confirmation of xxx and the abrogation of xxx

(C)  with the  education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  to include the confirmation  of the Concordat of Bologna  and abrogation  of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 incorrect modifier usage; wrong meaning --- however, the expansion of the influence didn't include the confrmation of xxx and the abrogation of xxx, rather the the expansion of the influence was carried out through the confirmation of xxx and the abrogation of xxx
 
(D)  to include  the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  with the confirmation  of the Concordat of Bologna  and abrogation  of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included
 incorrect modifier usage in he beginning of the underlined portion

(E)  that included  the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France  through the confirmation  of the Concordat of Bologna  and abrogation  of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 modifier usage is correct; however, correctly brings out the meaning that the expansion of the influence was carried out through the confirmation of xxx and the abrogation of xxx

(E) is the answer

brp616 · Answer

IMO E... oh boy this was a long and unpleasant sentence.

A - uses 'and' too many times without splitting/making connections between items, creating a run on.

B - comma is not needed before 'and' in this instance and uses included twice. Again, a run on.

C - 'with the education of priests included and for expansion' uses the passive voice which tells me it is wrong, and mixes it with present

D - again, uses include twice and the 'to include' and 'expansion' makes those sound like separate ideas

E - long, but uses ' through the confirmation ' to connect the first part of the clause to the second without being a run-on and explain everything in relation to each other well

andreagonzalez2k · Answer

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 "expansion of the Holy See’s influence" is not a reform

(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 "to include" changes meaning

(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 "with the education of priests included" very wordy

(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included
 "with the confirmation...and abrogation...included" very wordy

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
 "called for reforms...and for expansion" is parallel 
 "through the confirmation" is the correct way to say what the sentence wants to say 
 CORRECT

IMO E

DG1989 · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms  including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
  Explanation:   It starts with a noun phrase ("education of priests") but then switches to a gerund phrase ("expansion of the Holy See's influence"). Hence parallelism is not properly maintained. Also the way the reforms are listed makes it ambiguous whether the confirmation and abrogation are intended as separate reforms or part of the expansion of influence in France.   INCORRECT

(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
  Explanation:   This option presents the reforms in a clear and logical sequence, using appropriate conjunctions and verb forms conveying the intended meaning.   CORRECT

(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
  Explanation:   The placement of "to include" after "France" creates a slightly confusing structure. It's not immediately clear which part of the sentence "to include" is modifying. It is unnecessarily wordy as well.   INCORRECT

(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included
  Explanation:   Confusing word order and unclear connection between parts. It's unclear whether this phrase is modifying "called for reforms" or "expansion of the Holy See's influence.   INCORRECT

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
  Explanation:   The use of "through" could lead to the misunderstanding that the confirmation and abrogation were the mechanisms for achieving the expansion of influence, rather than being part of the expansion itself.   INCORRECT

Option B   is the right answer

jaysea · Answer

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - prefer B due to tense usage
(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - usage of "included" here provides proper past tense, also clause structure includes the expansion of the influence well. Keep B
(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - "with" improper here as the education of priests was not previously mentioned.
(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included - uses future tense when the rest of the sentence is talking about past events, reject D
(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - lack of commas makes this a bit of a run-on sentence. reject E

Kinshook · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, 
called for reforms 
 including the education of priests 
and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France 
 including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna 
 and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges .

Reforms may include education of priests and expansion of the Holy See's influence in France.
The expansion of the Holy See's influence in France may include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Concise and correct in meaning. Conveys the meaning of original sentence correctly.
Correct

Comma (,) before and is incorrect.
Usage of  to include  is incorrect
Incorrect

Usage of  with the education of priests included  is awkward and incorrect
Incorrect

Usage of  included  at the end is redundant.
Incorrect

Usage of  through  is incorrect

IMO A

ThatIndianGuy · Answer

The Fifth Council of the Lateran, an ecclesiastical council of the Catholic Church, held between 1512 and 1517, called for reforms including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.

(A) including the education of priests and expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France including the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - Wrong, Parallelism issue , "for" is missing with expansion
 
(B) that included the education of priests, and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - Wrong, first part is ok, but second part distorts the meaning

(C) with the education of priests included and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France to include the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges - Wrong, change in meaning , "called for reforms with education of priests" is not the intended meaning

(D) to include the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France with the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges included

(E) that included the education of priests and for expansion of the Holy See’s influence in France through the confirmation of the Concordat of Bologna and abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

12 Days of Christmas GMAT Competition - Day 9: The Fifth Council of

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12 Days of Christmas GMAT Competition - Day 9: The Fifth Council of

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