2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when

Question

2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of almost $7 billion in accounting charges.

(A) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of

(B) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from

(C) when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily because of

(D) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, and that was primarily because of

(E) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from

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Official Answer

C

GKomoku · Accepted Answer

We can infer that Some automaker's company lost its money in 1992, we have some desctiptive infomation about its losses. Then this company also lost a lot of revenew in 2001, it was second time since 1992

(A) when the company  had lost  $7.4 billion,  which  was primarily because of
  ("when" correctly describes time period 1992, "which" cannot modify preceeding clause and present a reason, "had lost" is redundant, when we have clear indication of time period 1992, simple past tense will be enough)

(B) when the company  had lost  $7.4 billion, primarily  resulting from 
  ("when" correctly describes time period 1992, "had lost" is redundant, when we have clear indication of time period 1992, simple past tense will be enough, v-ing modifier "resulting from" - modifies preceeding clause, and gives reason for this losses, doer of the action of resulting is not the company, we need to present the reason for whole preceeding clause, hence v-ing usage is incorrect) 
 
  (C) when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily because of  
  ("when" correctly describes time period 1992, "lost" simple past tense fine, "because of" correctly represents reason for preceding clause, let's keep this answer so far) 
 
(D)  which  is when the company lost $7.4 billion,  and that was  primarily because of
  (here "which" is wrong to modify time period and redundant, "and" //ism marker, but we don't have anything to be // to "that was", also ,+and starts new IC, we just simply need some desctriptive information-reason for preceeding calsue, so depentend clause would be good)

(E)  which  is when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily  resulting from 
  (same error as described "which" and "resulting")  
------
For more information about  Past Perfect on GMAT Sentence Correction please see Mister Mike's explanation

For more information about  Which Modifiers Sentence Correction please see Mister Ron's explanation

For more information about  V-ing modifiers please see e-gmat explanation 
-----

So   (C)   is the winner

daagh · Answer

2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992,  when the company had lost $7.4 billion , which was primarily because of almost $7 billion in accounting charges.

(A) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of ---  The loss is just one event that happened in the accounting year under question and there is no other year in which loss was stated. Hence, there is no way we can use the past perfect. In addition, 'which' has a wrong referent in $7.4M.

(B) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from -- s ame tense error as in A; in addition 'resulting from' is the wrong usage. When something results from a cause, the cause has to have happened earlier than when the result happens and not when it happens concurrently.

(C) when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily because of --- the best choice

(D) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, and that was primarily because of ---  We don't refer timelines with which.

(E) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from--- same error as in D in addition to the wrong context of 'resulting from'.

daagh · Answer

Let me start a new discussion on this topic. When did the loss actually occurred? Was it in 1992 or in 2001? I feel it was 2001 because the text says 2001 was the company's first year of losing. It cannot be 1992 as 1992 is not stated separately but is only part of a prepositional modifier 'since 1992', which denotes some starting point of time. However, in fact, there is mention only one year of losing. 
All these factors point to the fact, 2001 was the year under loss.

This discussion is just for academic interest and may not affect the correct choice in the topic text under question.

SilvanaDD · Answer

Hi!

Please can you explain why B is incorrect? Why ing modifier is incorrect?

Posted from my mobile device

ballest127 · Answer

Hi  SilvanaDD ,

My 2 cents.

In B, I think the modifier " resulting from" is incorrect, because "comma + participle" must make sense with the subject, the company, of the modified clause.

Hope that help.

EducationAisle · Answer

Hi  SilvanaDD , as  ballest127  mentions,  present participial  phrases ( resulting ...) preceded by a comma modify the  subject  of the preceding clause.

Here, the subject of the preceding clause is  company . Hence, option B nonsensically suggests that  company  resulted from almost $7 billion in accounting charges.

p.s. Our book    EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana    discusses  Past Participial phrases , their application and examples in significant detail. If you or someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.

thangvietnam · Answer

I do not think that "had done " in choice a and b is wrong

when you had finished the lunch, I came. 
this is correct sentence.

can you explain more on had done in choice a and b? thank you

Vatsal7794 · Answer

2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of almost $7 billion in accounting charges.

(A) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, which was primarily because of

(B) when the company had lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from

(C) when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily because of

(D) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, and that was primarily because of

(E) which is when the company lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from

Hi Experts

GMATNinja   KarishmaB   MartyTargetTestPrep

Can you please help me to understand why option b is wrong?

"primarily resulting from" can act as a adverbial modifier and can modify verb "loss" so it dosen't seems to be wrong
and the loss happened prior to 2001 so had lost also seems good

Can you please explain where am i going wrong

MartyTargetTestPrep · Answer

"Resulting from" cannot act as an adverbial modifier. It has to modify a noun that can be "resulting from" something.

Also, "had lost" does not make sense. The point is that in 1992, the company LOST $7.4 billion. "Had lost" conveys that the company lost $7.4 billion BEFORE 1992, and thus in 1992 "had lost $7.4 billion."

Vatsal7794 · Answer

But loss can also result from something ,\. Right?
I was not able to understand your point 1...Why resulting from can only modify noun?

MartyTargetTestPrep · Answer

"Loss" is a noun. So, "loss" can be "resulting from" something.

Example:

The loss resulting from the decision appears to be ongoing.

However, the (B) version says the following:

when the company had lost $7.4 billion, primarily resulting from

"Resulting from" cannot modify "had lost."

In fact, the only noun for "resulting from to modify is "$7.4 billion." So, the sentence seems to convey that $7.4 billion was "resulting from ... accounting charges." That meaning doesn't make sense.

"Resulting from" can modify a noun only since a verb would not "resulting from" something.

For example following is incorrect:

Jim  laughed  resulting from all the joking around.

That sentence does not directly name the thing that was "resulting from all the joking around."

The following is correct.

Jim's  laughter  resulted from all the joking around.

That sentence correctly names "laugher" as what "resulted from all the joking around."

VerbalBot · Answer

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2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when

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2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when

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