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655-705 Level|   Modifiers|            
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IMO E:
2. Discouraged by new data that show increases in toxic emissions from domestic factories,
searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the
nation’s leading manufacturing companies.


ed modifier "discouraged" demands noun discouraged by toxic emission right after modifier. Eligible nouns are shareholder and manufacturing companies, but original meaning suggests shareholders are discouraged. Thus, shareholder must come after modifier.

searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies

searches are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies who are looking for alternative investment opportunities

shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies had begun searching for investment opportunities outside of the manufacturing industry -- had begun is not appropriate; we are not presenting sequence of past events.

• the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative investment opportunities for its shareholders -- meaning changed.
shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative -- everything is just all right in this option.
investment opportunities
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IMO D
3. Found in the wild only in Australia and New Guinea, powerful back legs with long feet
distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals.


Found is an ed modifier, and it demands eligible noun right after modifier. Kangaroos is the only eligible noun.

powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals
powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other mammals that are large
powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from those of other mammals that are large
kangaroos are distinguished from other large mammals by powerful legs with long feet
kangaroos are being distinguished from other mammals that are large by powerful legs with
long feet
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IMO B
5. By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to
determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s products in order to
meet its goals in both the short and long terms.


Ing modifier "applying" demands placement of an eligible noun that can apply optimization techniques right after modifier. here "manager" is an eligible noun.

• it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s
products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms
a company’s managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the
company’s products in order to meet its short and long term goals
• it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of
the company’s products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term
• it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated
to each of these products in order to meet the company’s short and long term goals
managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of
these products in order to meet the company’s goals in both the short and long term -- "these products" : there is no reference made earlier to specific products in the sentence thus these product doesn't make sense; further in second highlighted part article the is missing in second half of parallelism.
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IMO E
6. Given its authoritative coverage of other science topics, the textbook's chapter on genetics is
surprisingly tentative, which leads
one to doubt the author's scholarship in that particular area.

Given is an ed modifier and we need an eligible noun which can widely demonstrate its capacity on authoritative coverage of other science topics. Text book is the only such noun that can cover wide topics of science. text books chapter on genetics definitely can not give wide coverage on other science topics because it is itself a sub topic under biology.

the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative, which leads
the chapter of the textbook on genetics is surprisingly tentative, leading
the textbook contains a surprising and tentative chapter on genetics, which leads -- which is trying to modify entire idea expressed in clause something which it is not supposed to do.
the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative and leads
the textbook is surprisingly tentative in its chapter on genetics, leading -- so E is the best among all.
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IMO A
7. Hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution, the fossils of a large scaly creature
resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence
of a possible link in the
evolutionary chain from water-based to land-based organisms.

No error in original sentence. Other choices has serious meaning, S-V agreement and modifier errors as highlighted below.

• the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of
• a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provides fossils that are evidence -- meaning error.
• a large scaly creature, whose fossils resemble both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence of -- meaning error.
the fossils of a large scaly creature, which resembles both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence of -- S-V error.
• the fossils of a large scaly creature resemble both a fish and a land-animal and provide evidence of -- meaning error.
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IMO E
8. Hoping to alleviate some of the financial burdens of a growing population, property taxes last
year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government.


-ing modifier "hoping" demands eligible noun that can hope right after modifier. The country government is such eligible noun.

property taxes last year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government
property taxes were raised by eleven percent last year by the county government
• the county government raised property taxes by an eleven percent increase last year -- redundancy
• the county government last year raised by eleven percent property taxes -- fatal meaning error -- it implies government is raised by 11% taxes.
• the county government raised property taxes by eleven percent last year -- no error.
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IMO D
9. In order to properly evaluate a patient’s state of mind and gain informed consent prior to
surgery, a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient
to become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure
.

With introductory modifier "To evaluate and to gain," eligible noun under capacity to evaluate and perform must appear right after modifier.

a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient to
become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure

the operating physician and the patient must spend a substantial amount of time together, thus ensuring full awareness of the pros and cons of undergoing the surgical procedure -- meaning error -- as per the original meaning it is the patient, who must be aware of pros and cons, but in this sentence it is including both physician and patient.

the patient must spend a substantial amount of time with his or her operating physician, thus
ensuring that he or she has been made fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing the
surgical procedure
the operating physician must spend a substantial amount of time with the patient, thus ensuring that the patient is fully aware of the pros and cons of accepting the undergoing procedure -- Best among all.

the operating physician must ensure that he or she is fully aware of the pros and cons of
undergoing a surgical procedure by spending a substantial amount of time with the patient -- meaning error -- it is not the physician who is undergoing surgery.
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I got 10th wrong. I am not much convinced with OA and will do some research on that.
Further, I think these problems are sub 700 level and also such problems are hardly appearing in GMAT these days.
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Could you please tell what is OA for the 10th one?
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Could you please tell what is OA for the 10th one?

OA is D.

A, B, and C are wrong because of whose; whose modifies closest noun and in this case it is shallows.

Between D and E. E looks wordy use of "that are" is unnecessary. Thus D is OA.
Earlier I was thinking that prepositional phrase starting with "with" modifies subject and the verb of the preceding clause --In this sentence subject is vacationer and verb is encounter-- but my investigation revealed that prepositional phrases can also modify nearest nouns and context plays important role in deciding their role. Because in this sentence meaning wise vacationers are not in position to peak out of murky water automatically phrase will apply to "crocodile lurking".

10. Many daring vacationers who participate in guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River encounter
native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses are peaking
out from the
surface of the murky water.
D encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses peaking out from the surface of the murky water.
E encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses that are peaking out from the surface of the murky water.

In official question "Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi, in the form of CO2" << sentence is considered incorrect as prepositional phrase is modifying fungi, and this error is corrected in OA by placing carbon near to the prepositional phrase.

OA: Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of CO2.

Thus, it proves dual nature of prepositional phrases.
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IMO A
7. Hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution, the fossils of a large scaly creature
resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence
of a possible link in the
evolutionary chain from water-based to land-based organisms.

No error in original sentence. Other choices has serious meaning, S-V agreement and modifier errors as highlighted below.

• the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of
• a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provides fossils that are evidence -- meaning error.
• a large scaly creature, whose fossils resemble both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence of -- meaning error.
the fossils of a large scaly creature, which resembles both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence of -- S-V error.
• the fossils of a large scaly creature resemble both a fish and a land-animal and provide evidence of -- meaning error.
Why is E wrong? Can you explain the meaning error?
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kaushik2405

Why is E wrong? Can you explain the meaning error?

7. Hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution, the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of a possible link in the evolutionary chain from water-based to land-based organisms.

No error in original sentence. Other choices has serious meaning, S-V agreement and modifier errors as highlighted below.

A the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of
E the fossils of a large scaly creature resemble both a fish and a land-animal and provide evidence of -- meaning error.[/quote]

See the difference in Meaning :
In A --> creature resembling fish and animal
In E --> Fossil resemble both fish and animal

A creature can resemble some other creature, but a fossils resembles a creature sounds weird.
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1. Although covered in about 11 inches of snow, aviation officialssaid that conditions on the
runway at the time of the emergency landing was acceptable
.

• aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing was
acceptable
the runway conditions during the emergency landing were acceptable according to aviation
officials
according to aviation officials, the runway was in acceptable condition during the time of the
emergency landing
the runway was in acceptable condition during the emergency landing, according to aviation
officials
aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing were
acceptable - Answer

2. Discouraged by new data that show increases in toxic emissions from domestic factories,
searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the
nation’s leading manufacturing companies.


searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the
nation’s leading manufacturing companies
searches are being conducted by shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing
companies who are looking for alternative investment opportunities
shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies had begun searching for
investment opportunities outside of the manufacturing industry
the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative investment
opportunities for its shareholders
shareholders of the nation’s leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative
investment opportunities - Answer

3. Found in the wild only in Australia and New Guinea, powerful back legs with long feet
distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals.


powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals
powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other mammals that are large
powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from those of other mammals that are
large
kangaroos are distinguished from other large mammals by powerful legs with long feet - Answer
kangaroos are being distinguished from other mammals that are large by powerful legs with
long feet - Awkward

4. Responding to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models are
so luxurious that they sell
for nearly twice the price of last year's models.

the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell
the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that the cars are sold
auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models that are so luxurious that they sell
the interior of the newest models are so luxurious that they are sold
auto makers have installed such luxurious interiors in the newest models that these cars sell - Answer

5. By applying optimization techniques commonly used to plan operations, it is possible to
determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s products in order to
meet its goals in both the short and long terms.


it is possible to determine how much effort ought to be devoted to each of a company’s
products in order to meet its goals in both the short and long terms
a company’s managers can determine how much effort should be dedicated to each of the
company’s products in order to meet its short and long term goals
it can be determined by company managers how much effort ought to be devoted to each of
the company’s products in order to meet its goals, both short and long term
it may be possible for company managers to determine how much effort should be dedicated
to each of these products in order to meet the company’s short and long term goals
managers at a company can determine how much effort ought to be dedicated to each of
these products in order to meet the company’s goals in both the short and long term - Answer

Not Sure about this...
6. Given its authoritative coverage of other science topics, the textbook's chapter on genetics is
surprisingly tentative, which leads
one to doubt the author's scholarship in that particular area.

• the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative, which leads
• the chapter of the textbook on genetics is surprisingly tentative, leading - I think the first part is modifying the textbook
• the textbook contains a surprising and tentative chapter on genetics, which leads
• the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative and leads
• the textbook is surprisingly tentative in its chapter on genetics, leading - Answer

7. Hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution, the fossils of a large scaly creature
resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of
a possible link in the
evolutionary chain from water-based to land-based organisms.

the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence
of
• a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provides fossils that are
evidence - Wrong ...need "evidence of"
a large scaly creature, whose fossils resemble both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence
of - Answer
• the fossils of a large scaly creature, which resembles both a fish and a land-animal, provides
evidence of - Wrong...the fossils and Provides ...S-V-A
• the fossils of a large scaly creature resemble both a fish and a land-animal and provide
evidence of - Wrong structure

Between A and C , both are grammatically correct , I would go with C as the creature is key discovery in evolution.

8. Hoping to alleviate some of the financial burdens of a growing population, property taxes last
year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government.


property taxes last year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government
property taxes were raised by eleven percent last year by the county government
the county government raised property taxes by an eleven percent increase last year - raised and increase : redundancy
the county government last year raised by eleven percent property taxes - it says government is raised by 11% which is nonsense
the county government raised property taxes by eleven percent last year - Answer

9. In order to properly evaluate a patient’s state of mind and gain informed consent prior to
surgery, a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient
to become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure.


a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient to
become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure
the operating physician and the patient must spend a substantial amount of time together,
thus ensuring full awareness of the pros and cons of undergoing the surgical procedure
the patient must spend a substantial amount of time with his or her operating physician, thus
ensuring that he or she has been made fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing the
surgical procedure
the operating physician must spend a substantial amount of time with the patient, thus
ensuring that the patient is fully aware of the pros and cons of accepting the undergoing - Answer
procedure
the operating physician must ensure that he or she is fully aware of the pros and cons of
undergoing a surgical procedure by spending a substantial amount of time with the patient - refers back to physician

Not sure about this .. :|
10. Many daring vacationers who participate in guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River encounter
native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses are peaking out
from the
surface of the murky water.

encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,whose eyes and noses are peaking out - Answer
encountered native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses peak out - do not need past or perfect past tense
had encountered native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses peak out - same as above
encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses peaking out - With modifies the vacationers
encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows,with eyes and noses that are peaking out[/quote] - Same as above
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@Ronak275 : 1,5,7 and 10 are wrong. check again.
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PiyushK
@Ronak275 : 1,5,7 and 10 are wrong. check again.

Thanx for the OAs...

In 5 ,I thought ,Since "company's" is an adjective, it cannot serve as an antecedent to the pronoun "it". Can you shed more lights on it?
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PiyushK
@Ronak275 : 1,5,7 and 10 are wrong. check again.

Thanx for the OAs...

In 5 ,I thought ,Since "company's" is an adjective, it cannot serve as an antecedent to the pronoun "it". Can you shed more lights on it?

Hi That is not it that is its. I hope you are aware that a possessive pronoun can refer back to possessive noun.

Therefore its can refer back to company's.
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My Take
1 D
2 E
3 D
4 C
5 B
6 E
7 A
8 E
9 D
10 A (I am also not fully convinced with D. IMO, this choice has ambiguous meaning as it is not clear what modifier 'with eyes ......out' refers to. In Choice A, IMO, 'whose' clear refers back to 'Crocodiles')

Souvik, Thanks a lot for these question sets!!
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