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The trap here is the noun "species", beacuse the "s" could let you think that the noun is plural.
The trap can easily be avoided looking to the "A" in front of the noun.

A. A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant WRONG for S/V Agreement Error

B. A new species of geese, discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, living in permanent pairs, and dominant WRONG for S/V Agreement Error and also incorrectly suggest that the species is monogamous beacuse it lives in permanent pairs

C. A new species of geese, which are discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant WRONG for S/V Agreement Error

D. A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, is monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant WRONG for S/V Agreement Error

E. A species of geese newly discovered near the North Canadian River is monogamous, lives in permanent pairs, and is dominant CORRECT ONE!
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A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant

A. A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant
B. A new species of geese, discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, living in permanent pairs, and dominant
C. A new species of geese, which are discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant
D. A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, is monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant
E. A species of geese newly discovered near the North Canadian River is monogamous, lives in permanent pairs, and is dominant

"Species of geese" is singular, thus all verbs referring to it have to be singular too. Additionally, "is discovered" is the wrong tense imo, because once you discover something the discovery process ends so the simple past (discovered) seems to be the best fitting tense.

All in all, E is the correct choice.
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What helped me on this question was more the logic of the question. When you think about it, there can't be "a new species of geese" because the species would have already been in existence before it is discovered. Hence, a species of geese that was discovered recently, or newly as the sentence uses would be better. That led me straight to option E. All I had to do next was check to make sure everything was parallel and in order and alas, it is correct :)
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IMO E.

Singular verb is required. So " is monogamous and is dominant is correct " A species is singular.

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VeritasKarishma daagh ExpertsGlobal5 GMATNinja please help me - how to identify whether species is singular or plural.??
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Generally speaking, species is a collective noun and hence is mostly considered singular. Calling it a new species is a helping tool as given in the context. Plus we may tally the singularity and plurality of the relative verbs and pronouns for more help. And also the logic error as in 'is discovered' as compared to ' was discovered" or even perhaps 'has been discovered'.
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VeritasKarishma daagh ExpertsGlobal5 GMATNinja please help me - how to identify whether species is singular or plural.??

"A" is used with "species" in every option. You don't need to think whether it is singular or plural. It can be singular only because you can use 'a' with singular nouns only.

Otherwise, "species" can be used as singular as well as plural.
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I can't put my finger on it, but when I was reading the original sentence, the English seemed awkward. In any event, the question does test one's ability to judge singular or plural verb tense.

First things first, what is the subject of this sentence? Really, that in itself is half the battle if not more in solving this SC. Is it A new species of geese which requires an is or only geese which would take an are? I'm not too sure if there is an absolute rule to this but simply reading the sentence gives the impression we are talking about the habits of a species. Also, I think there is a tendency for the entire compound phrase (is that the term?) new species of geese to be first considered the subject of the sentence. Use some good ol' common sense to judge which one makes more sense.

A. A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant

A new species of geese.... is.... are is wrong!

B. A new species of geese, discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, living in permanent pairs, and dominant

Wrong for the same reason as (A)

C. A new species of geese, which are discovered near the North Canadian River, are monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant

Wrong for the same reason as (A)

D. A new species of geese, which is discovered near the North Canadian River, is monogamous, live in permanent pairs, and are dominant

A new species of geese... is... Ok, good. We got that sorted. But what else should we be looking at? Ah, a bit of parallelism awkwardness. The last part are dominant throws us right back to square one. Eliminate.

E. A species of geese newly discovered near the North Canadian River is monogamous, lives in permanent pairs, and is dominant

Bingo! A species of geese...is... lives..and is... Everything looks good and we're done!
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Can someone explain me if option E is correct , then how is it correct to say that a species as a whole lives in permanent pairs ??
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Could you please explain why the clause "Living in permanent pairs" can not be used as a modifier phrase for the term "monogamous" of the clause before that? (I'm a non-native speaker)

So I knew the meaning of the word "monogamous", then when I read the option B (despite S/V disagreement), I thought "... monogamous, living in the permanent pairs ..." is grammatically correct.

Thanks
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