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02 Oct 2022, 05:39
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a123bansal
Hi a123bansal,
You’re very welcome
“for” is indeed a conjunction here. It does signify the start of an independent clause. But what do these things have to do with whether what follows is the basis or not?
We can have a passage with multiple sentences such that one sentence is the main point and the others are the bases, right?
The same way, an independent clause can also be a basis.
'for' when used as a conjunction means 'because'.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/gramma ... rammar/for
Hope that clarifies.
Best,
Anish
01 Jul 2023, 16:24
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Although parapsychology is often considered a pseudoscience, it is in fact a genuine scientific enterprise, for it uses scientific methods such as controlled experiments and statistical tests of clearly stated hypotheses to examine the questions it raises.
Understanding the argument: Even though parapsychology is considered a pseudo(nor real) science, it is in fact actual science. Why? Because parapsychology uses scientific methods to examine questions it raises.
Conclusion: Parapsychology is an actual science.
The conclusion above is properly drawn if which of the following is assumed?
Question stem: It asks us to find an assumption.
For an answer choice to be correct for assumption-type questions, it needs to have two main characters:
1. It needs to belong to the supporter family
2. The negation of the answer choice should make the conclusion fall apart
Therefore, if negated, we need to identify which of the following answer choices will imply that parapsychology is not a real science.
Steps to approach the options:
1. Identify the gist of the answer choice and understand the meaning
2. Negate the option
3. Identify if the negated statement supports or weakens or has no impact on the conclusion
(A) If a field of study can conclusively answer the questions it raises, then it is a genuine science.
Negation: If a field of study can answer the question it raises, then it is not a genuine science
Analysis: If the negation is true, then the link between the premise and conclusion need not necessarily fall apart because the premise says that parapsychology is an actual science because it examines the questions it raises. It does not say anything about conclusively answering the question it raises.
(B) Since parapsychology uses scientific methods, it will produce credible results.
Analysis: Whether or not parapsychology produces credible results is not something we are concerned about. We are concerned about whether parapsychology is an actual science. We are not given any link between actual science and the credibility of the results of the field.
(C) Any enterprise that does not use controlled experiments and statistical tests is not genuine science.
Negation: Any enterprise that does not use controlled experiments and statistical tests is actual science
Analysis: If the negation were true, then parapsychology is not an actual science because parapsychology uses controlled experiments and statistical tests. Therefore, the conclusion falls apart from the negation. Keep it!
(D) Any field of study that employs scientific methods is a genuine scientific enterprise.
Negation: Any field of study that employs scientific methods is not a genuine scientific enterprise
Analysis: If the negation were true, it can be inferred that parapsychology is not a genuine scientific enterprise because parapsychology employs scientific methods. Therefore, the negation makes the conclusion fall apart. Keep it!
(E) Since parapsychology raises clearly statable questions, they can be tested in controlled experiments.
Analysis: It just states the same thing that we have in the premise - parapsychology can be tested in controlled experiments. Therefore, this is not relevant.
Out of (C) and (D), (C) limits the answer choice to just controlled experiments and statistical tests. However, in the argument, these are just two of many scientific methods that, if a field of study employs, suggest that that field of study is an actual science. On the other hand, choice (D) expands this view to all the scientific methods. Therefore, the correct answer choice is (D)
Understanding the argument: Even though parapsychology is considered a pseudo(nor real) science, it is in fact actual science. Why? Because parapsychology uses scientific methods to examine questions it raises.
Conclusion: Parapsychology is an actual science.
The conclusion above is properly drawn if which of the following is assumed?
Question stem: It asks us to find an assumption.
For an answer choice to be correct for assumption-type questions, it needs to have two main characters:
1. It needs to belong to the supporter family
2. The negation of the answer choice should make the conclusion fall apart
Therefore, if negated, we need to identify which of the following answer choices will imply that parapsychology is not a real science.
Steps to approach the options:
1. Identify the gist of the answer choice and understand the meaning
2. Negate the option
3. Identify if the negated statement supports or weakens or has no impact on the conclusion
(A) If a field of study can conclusively answer the questions it raises, then it is a genuine science.
Negation: If a field of study can answer the question it raises, then it is not a genuine science
Analysis: If the negation is true, then the link between the premise and conclusion need not necessarily fall apart because the premise says that parapsychology is an actual science because it examines the questions it raises. It does not say anything about conclusively answering the question it raises.
(B) Since parapsychology uses scientific methods, it will produce credible results.
Analysis: Whether or not parapsychology produces credible results is not something we are concerned about. We are concerned about whether parapsychology is an actual science. We are not given any link between actual science and the credibility of the results of the field.
(C) Any enterprise that does not use controlled experiments and statistical tests is not genuine science.
Negation: Any enterprise that does not use controlled experiments and statistical tests is actual science
Analysis: If the negation were true, then parapsychology is not an actual science because parapsychology uses controlled experiments and statistical tests. Therefore, the conclusion falls apart from the negation. Keep it!
(D) Any field of study that employs scientific methods is a genuine scientific enterprise.
Negation: Any field of study that employs scientific methods is not a genuine scientific enterprise
Analysis: If the negation were true, it can be inferred that parapsychology is not a genuine scientific enterprise because parapsychology employs scientific methods. Therefore, the negation makes the conclusion fall apart. Keep it!
(E) Since parapsychology raises clearly statable questions, they can be tested in controlled experiments.
Analysis: It just states the same thing that we have in the premise - parapsychology can be tested in controlled experiments. Therefore, this is not relevant.
Out of (C) and (D), (C) limits the answer choice to just controlled experiments and statistical tests. However, in the argument, these are just two of many scientific methods that, if a field of study employs, suggest that that field of study is an actual science. On the other hand, choice (D) expands this view to all the scientific methods. Therefore, the correct answer choice is (D)
22 Feb 2024, 13:39
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Hello experts GMATNinja CrackverbalGMAT avigutman AnishPassi
Can you please help me not eliminate option ''D''
Conclusion
A.C ''D'' Says
I feel like A/C ''D'' omits a mandatory condition for a field of study to be a geniune scientific entreprise.
Can you help me find the breach in this reasoning ?
thank you
Can you please help me not eliminate option ''D''
Conclusion
Quote:
For me this is analogous to saying that : a person is a criminal beacuse he uses guns to kill innocent people.
A.C ''D'' Says
Quote:
its like saying that : ''A person is a criminal because he uses guns'' A/C D is just incomplete, it's not sufficient to employ scientific methods, but you have to employ them to examine the questions raised.. just like it is not sufficient to be a criminal if you use guns, but you have to use them to kill innocent people..
I feel like A/C ''D'' omits a mandatory condition for a field of study to be a geniune scientific entreprise.
Can you help me find the breach in this reasoning ?
thank you
