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generis
By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

SC91660.02


Similar but not identical to this question, here.

When we are dealing with a prepositional phrase like ‘a proposed new style of aircraft’ in the above question, isn’t the starting modifier ‘By skimming along the top of the atmosphere’ modifying the bit which comes immediately after the modifier i.e ‘proposed new style’ rather than ‘aircraft’?

What is the rule we follow here?

Hello DesiMozart,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, yes; the modifier does modify "a proposed new style"; here, "style of aircraft" means "a type of aircraft", so what this sentence is referring to is all aircraft of a particular design.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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Hello Everyone!

Let's tackle this question, one thing at a time, and narrow down our options quickly so we know how to answer questions like this when they pop up on the GMAT! To begin, let's take a quick look at the question and highlight any major differences between the options in orange:

By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

After a quick glance over the options, two things has become very clear:

1. The entire sentence is underlined.
2. We cannot find anything in particular to highlight - it’s all different!


Whenever you see something like this on the GMAT, you need to look for the bigger picture: what is actually different about each of these options?

Their organization!

We need to take a closer look at each option and determine which one is organized the best. This means making sure modifiers and antecedents agree, the intended meaning is clear, and that we don’t have any unnecessary “splitting up” of phrases:

A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.
This is CORRECT! The modifier “By skimming along the top of the atmosphere” is placed directly before the aircraft. The modifier “according to its proponents” is placed directly after what they said about the aircraft. This is the most logical and clearest organization of these 3 clauses!

B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
This is INCORRECT because the “proponents” won’t be skimming along the top of the atmosphere - the aircraft will! This is a modifier-antecedent agreement problem, so let’s rule this one out.

C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
This is INCORRECT because the pronoun “it” is so far away from its intended antecedent (the aircraft) that it could be mistaken to be referring to the closest singular noun, which in this case is Earth!

D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
Again, this is INCORRECT because the pronoun “its” is too vague. It sounds like “its” is referring to Earth, instead of the aircraft.

E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
This is INCORRECT because the pronoun “its” is now referring to “skimming along the top of the atmosphere” and NOT the aircraft itself!

There you go - option A was the winner all along! Remember - when the entire sentence is underlined, think BIG problems like organization, modifiers, and overall meaning!


Don’t study for the GMAT. Train for it.

I’m just curious about the use of ‘between’ in choice A, is ‘among’ more suitable than the use of between. Or the intended meaning of ‘could fly between most points on Earth’ is ‘could fly between most two points on Earth’.

Thank you,
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generis
By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

SC91660.02


Similar but not identical to this question, here.


Hi,

I couldn't see a single post on why or how the participial phrase/modifier is correct in option A.
Going by the rules, I think a verb-in modifier in such a construction as the one in option A either modifies the entire clause (subject and action) or creates a cause-effect relation. However, I couldn't notice such a relationship. Maybe I'm missing something. Could anyone please help me with this?

Thanks
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GauthamManoj

I couldn't see a single post on why or how the participial phrase/modifier is correct in option A.
Going by the rules, I think a verb-in modifier in such a construction as the one in option A either modifies the entire clause (subject and action) or creates a cause-effect relation. However, I couldn't notice such a relationship. Maybe I'm missing something. Could anyone please help me with this?
Hi Gautham, what you are saying, is true for participial phrases towards the end of a clause and preceded by a comma.

For example:

Suryakumar Yadav was out for a golden duck for the third consecutive time, diminishing his chances of selection in future matches.

Notice that the participial phrase "diminishing his chances of selection in future matches" appears towards the end of a clause and is preceded by a comma. In such case, your observation holds true.

However, in option A, we have a participial phrase at the beginning of the clause. Such participial phrases typically modify the word/phrase next to the participial phrase. Also note that in this case, the participial phrase actually is a prepositional phrase as well (since it starts with the preposition by). Such prepositional phrases generally act as adverbial modifiers (in this case, answering the question how the aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours).

p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses such prepositional phrases, their application and examples in significant detail. If you or someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.
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GauthamManoj

I couldn't see a single post on why or how the participial phrase/modifier is correct in option A.
Going by the rules, I think a verb-in modifier in such a construction as the one in option A either modifies the entire clause (subject and action) or creates a cause-effect relation. However, I couldn't notice such a relationship. Maybe I'm missing something. Could anyone please help me with this?
Hi Gautham, what you are saying, is true for participial phrases towards the end of a clause and preceded by a comma.

For example:

Suryakumar Yadav was out for a golden duck for the third consecutive time, diminishing his chances of selection in future matches.

Notice that the participial phrase "diminishing his chances of selection in future matches" appears towards the end of a clause and is preceded by a comma. In such case, your observation holds true.

However, in option A, we have a participial phrase at the beginning of the clause. Such participial phrases typically modify the word/phrase next to the participial phrase. Also note that in this case, the participial phrase actually is a prepositional phrase as well (since it starts with the preposition by). Such prepositional phrases generally act as adverbial modifiers (in this case, answering the question how the aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours).

p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses such prepositional phrases, their application and examples in significant detail. If you or someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.


Hi Ashish,

Thanks for your reply. What you have mentioned is absolutely correct. 'By Skimming along' is a prepositional phrase, which can modify either a noun or action depending on the context. However, my doubt is about the 'according to' phrase in the end. Maybe I'm missing an important concept here.
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GauthamManoj
However, my doubt is about the 'according to' phrase in the end. Maybe I'm missing an important concept here.
"according" is not really a present participle.

Present participles are "-ing forms of verbs". For example, running is a present participle because it is "-ing" form of the verb run.

However, "according" is not really derived from "accord"; "according" is a complete word in itself and hence, is not really bound by the rules of present participles.
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Quote:
A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.

KarishmaB GMATNinja AndrewN
I understand that option A is the best among all of the options but I'm trying to understand why A is correct . In A we can see that this part "proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours " is placed between two commas . From the concept of non-essential modifiers we know that we can remove the sentence placed between those two commas, causing the remaining sentence to remain unimpacted.
Can you please help to understand why the correct option is A even though the entire sentence falls apart if we remove the sentence placed between commas . Thanks in Advance.
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JulieLama
From the concept of non-essential modifiers we know that we can remove the sentence placed between those two commas, causing the remaining sentence to remain unimpacted.
Hi JulieLama,

You can remove a modifier in between a pair of commas if you want to check the structure of the rest of the sentence. However, in this case, the element you're thinking about taking out isn't a modifier at all. It's the main clause. We see those commas only because there are modifiers before and after the main clause. The first comma is for the first modifier, and the second comma is for the second modifier. In other words, they (the commas) aren't a pair enclosing the middle element.

{By skimming along the top of the atmosphere,} a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours{, according to its proponents}.
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I am still little confused. When you say A of B is B the subject? or A is the subject?
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I am still little confused. When you say A of B is B the subject? or A is the subject?
Presumably you're asking about this post?

If so: the word "of" is a preposition, and "of aircraft" is a prepositional phrase that modifies "style". In this case, "style" happens to be the subject of the sentence, and that subject ("style") is modified by the prepositional phrase ("of aircraft").

But when you see "A of B", A isn't always a subject noun. You can, for example, use a prepositional phrase to modify an object:

    "Tim ate a bowl of chili."

Here, "bowl" is an object noun, and "of chili" modifies "bowl". Like choice (A), this sentence has a noun that's modified by a prepositional phrase -- it's just a different kind of noun in this particular example.

In short, when you see "[noun 1] of [noun 2]", "of [noun 2]" is a prepositional phrase that modifies the first noun.

I hope that helps!
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A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.


I dont get how this option is correct, why are we saying that a style could fly between most points on Earth? Also, if the its in "according to its proponents" is referring to the aircraft (when ideally it should refer to new style, but I get that the meaning becomes illogical then), then why are we saying that the "it" in option C is referring to Earth?

B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
I see why this is incorrect, we are implying proponents are skimming along the top of atmosphere

C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
The same error - a proposed style is flying between points. But the it in "with it skimming along" cannot logically refer to Earth, and should refer to aircraft

D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.
its is possessive, indicating that skimming atop the atmosphere is something that it possesses, incorrect

E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
Wordy and unidiomatic. makes it possible that a - is unidiomatic

Experts, need your help in understanding this question
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A) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents.



I dont get how this option is correct, why are we saying that a style could fly between most points on Earth? Also, if the its in "according to its proponents" is referring to the aircraft (when ideally it should refer to new style, but I get that the meaning becomes illogical then), then why are we saying that the "it" in option C is referring to Earth?

B) By skimming along the top of the atmosphere, proponents of a proposed new style of aircraft say it could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

I see why this is incorrect, we are implying proponents are skimming along the top of atmosphere

C) A proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours, according to its proponents, with it skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

The same error - a proposed style is flying between points. But the it in "with it skimming along" cannot logically refer to Earth, and should refer to aircraft

D) A proposed new style of aircraft, say its proponents, could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours because of its skimming along the top of the atmosphere.

its is possessive, indicating that skimming atop the atmosphere is something that it possesses, incorrect

E) According to its proponents, skimming along the top of the atmosphere makes it possible that a proposed new style of aircraft could fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.

Wordy and unidiomatic. makes it possible that a - is unidiomatic

Experts, need your help in understanding this question
Keep in mind that the complete subject isn't just "style" -- it's "a proposed new style of aircraft," and it's perfectly reasonably to talk about what a particular style of aircraft can and cannot do, as discussed in this post.

Put another way, any style of aircraft IS in fact an aircraft. So it's fine to say that a "style" of aircraft can fly or skim or whatever.

More importantly, we have that same "issue" in all five choices, so we have no choice but to accept it!

The "it" pronoun in (C) is probably fine. For more on choice (C), check out this post: https://gmatclub.com/forum/by-skimming- ... l#p2602149.
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