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In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.


(A) In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.

“and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging” lacks a verb and thus is a fragment.


(B) Verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance in which actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.

Correct because it has “encourage” and correct modifications.

(C) Verfremdungseffekt actors, who employ a method of stage performance by directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, use a variety of immersion breaking techniques, and then encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.

“and then encouraging” lacks a verb and thus is a fragment. Incorrect.

(D) Actors who directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story use a variety of immersion breaking techniques and encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium in order to employ verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance.

“and encourage the audience to critically examine XYZ in order to employ verfremdungseffekt” – illogically implies that the audience, not actors, employ verfremdungseffek, incorrect.

(E) Directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, and using a variety of immersion breaking techniques in order to encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium, verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance done by actors.

“acknowledging” and “using” incorrectly modify “verfremdungseffekt”. It’s actors do these actions.

Hence B
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(A) In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.
-- the sentence lacks a verb. A out

(B) Verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance in which actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.
-- Looks good and is correct

(C) Verfremdungseffekt actors, who employ a method of stage performance by directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, use a variety of immersion breaking techniques, and then encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.

--Here meaning changes. Verfremdungseffekt is the method of stage performance..it's actors don't employ 'some' method of stage performance.

(D) Actors who directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story use a variety of immersion breaking techniques and encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium in order to employ verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance.
--Changes meaning. Whatever is described are characteristics of
Verfremdungseffekt. Actors don't use them to employ Verfremdungseffekt

(E) Directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, and using a variety of immersion breaking techniques in order to encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium, verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance done by actors.

-- The modifier should modify actors and not Verfremdungseffekt. Changes meaning. E is out.

IMO B

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In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.

(A) In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium. --> Parallel error.

(B) Verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance in which actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium. --> CORRECT.

(C) Verfremdungseffekt actors, who employ a method of stage performance by directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, use a variety of immersion breaking techniques, and then encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium. --> Parallel error.

(D) Actors who directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story use a variety of immersion breaking techniques and encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium in order to employ verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance. --> Change intended meaning

(E) Directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, and using a variety of immersion breaking techniques in order to encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium, verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance done by actors. --> verfremdungseffekt is a method, so it cannot acknowledge something. Modifier error.

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In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium.


(A) In verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance, actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story, and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium. --> nothing parallel to "encouraging"

(B) Verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance in which actors directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story and then, using a variety of immersion breaking techniques, encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium. --> correct

(C) Verfremdungseffekt actors, who employ a method of stage performance by directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, use a variety of immersion breaking techniques, and then encouraging the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium. --> doesn't describe what is Verfremdungseffekt?

(D) Actors who directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the story use a variety of immersion breaking techniques and encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium in order to employ verfremdungseffekt, a method of stage performance. --> meaning issue

(E) Directly acknowledging the fictional nature of the story, and using a variety of immersion breaking techniques in order to encourage the audience to critically examine the manipulative contrivances of the medium, verfremdungseffekt is a method of stage performance done by actors. --> "acknowledging" & "using" need a doer followed by them

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