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2. The passage implies that the Ultimatum Game is

(A) one that requires two strangers to develop trust in each other - no trust is needed
(B) responsible for overturning a basic assumption of theoretical economics - no overturning is there - in fact they try to explain a seeming descrepancy
(C) a situation that elicits unpredictable results - it is not unpredictable as theories in para 3 and 4 have tried to explain it
(D) a type of one-shot, anonymous interaction - this is true - refer to first para
(E) proof that our emotional apparatus has been shaped by millions of years of living in small groups - "Proof" is extreme wording - even the last para says A more compelling explanation - wrong
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please explain question3 im stuck with option B and the correct answer.How will you eliminate option B
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Can anyone explain question no. 4? The correct option says "The instinctive urge to acquire a favorable reputation may also help to explain the desire of many proposers in the Ultimatum Game to make “fair” offers". However, the final passage is all about the Responder's reason to reject low offers and evolution should favor angry responses to low offers.
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hritiksingh
please explain question3 im stuck with option B and the correct answer.How will you eliminate option B
Here's (B) in question 3.

(B) show how two theories that attempt to explain the puzzling results of an experiment complement each other

The choice starts off mentioning two theories, and the passage does discuss two theories, "need for the support of a strong group" and "evolution should have favored angry responses to low offers." So, in that choice (B) mentions two theories, it's correct.

However, the choice is incorrect overall because is says that the passage shows how two theories "complement each other" (work together to make each other better). The two theories have some related elements, but they don't work together. Rather, the passage conveys that they provide different reasons for the results of the experiment. So, (B) doesn't accurately describe what the passage does.
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5. In the context of the passage, the author would be most likely to consider the explanation in the third paragraph more favorably if it were shown that

As per the Author, the 3rd para offers a hypothesis that explains why proposers offer fair shares, but does not explain why responders reject low shares. Therefore the author is likely to accept the explanation offered by 3rd para if it were to explain why responders reject low offers. Let's look for a choice that explains this.

(A) our prehistoric ancestors often belonged to large groups of more than a hundred people - this does not even address the issue at hand.

(B) in many prehistoric cultures, there were hierarchies within groups that dictated which allocations of goods were to be considered fair and which were not - this is close. So the proposers were following the hierarchy in making low offers, why were responders rejecting those offers. Still some loose ends here.

(C) it is just as difficult to keep secrets in relatively large social groups as it is in small social groups. - does not address the issue at hand.

(D) it is just as counterproductive to a small social group to allow oneself to be outcompeted by one’s rivals within the group as it is to outcompete those rivals -

This is the relevant part of the para - "It is counterproductive to outcompete rivals within one’s group to the point where one can no longer depend on them in contests with other groups."
Option D fits perfectly after this so as to explain why responders rejected low offers - because it was counter productive to accept being outcompeted. - CORRECT CHOICE.


(E) in many social groups, there is a mutual understanding among the group’s members that allocations of goods will be based on individual needs as opposed to equal shares. - Similar to option B. Explains proposers actions but not responders'.
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Can anyone explain question no. 4? The correct option says "The instinctive urge to acquire a favorable reputation may also help to explain the desire of many proposers in the Ultimatum Game to make “fair” offers". However, the final passage is all about the Responder's reason to reject low offers and evolution should favor angry responses to low offers.

I'll try..
When 'logically concluding ' the final para, we need to look for an option that will carry forward the last 'idea' being discussed. The last idea being discussed is - Reason we respond emotionally to low offers is that we instinctively feel the need to reject dismal offers in order to keep our self-esteem. This self-esteem helps us to acquire a reputation that is beneficial in future encounters.


So something that talks further on 'reputation' or 'self esteem' should be our correct choice. The correct choice should also NOT repeat what is already discussed. Let us look for it.

4. Which one of the following sentences would most logically conclude the final paragraph of the passage?

(A) Contrary to the assumptions of theoretical economics, human beings do not act primarily out of self-interest. - Way off the mark from what was last discussed.

(B) Unfortunately, one-time, anonymous interactions are becoming increasingly common in contemporary society. - off the mark

(C) The instinctive urge to acquire a favorable reputation may also help to explain the desire of many proposers in the Ultimatum Game to make “fair” offers. - what else can 'favourable reputation' help to explain in context of the passage is a logical add on. It also adds something that is previously not alluded to. - CORRECT CHOICE.

(D) High self-esteem and a positive reputation offer individuals living in small groups many other benefits as well. - This is close, but loses out to Option C because the last part of the para already tells us that self esteem and reputation are "beneficial in future encounters". So this option does not bring in any new information.

(E) The behavior of participants in the Ultimatum Game sheds light on the question of what constitutes a “fair” division - off the mark.
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