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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 10 Jul 2011, 11:26
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

(A) attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
(B) implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
(C) pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
(D) criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
(E) implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 11 Feb 2016, 23:29
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ArunpriyanJ
bschool83
In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

A. attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
C. pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
D. criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants

Purely the game is between B and E here....I was able to pick B but still i can't clearly eliminate choices A and E....

Can anyone please explain what is circular reasoning(Option A)?

And What Option E means?

Experts pls help...

Thanks,
Arun
Show more

Responding to a pm:

Analogy means "similarity".

Now focus on the argument:
The new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine.
Critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures

So the author is implying that first heart transplants were very beneficial because they stimulated research. Similarly, artificial kidney implant is a boon too. The implication is that it will stimulate lots of research too. So the procedure itself may be difficult and expensive but it will lead to research on more useful procedures.

B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
So the author is defending the procedure by implying similarity between the early heart transplants and artificial kidney implant. This is correct.

E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants
The author does not say that these same critics were opposing early heart transplants. Had the argument said that, then it would have implied an analogy (similarity) between the critics' opposition.

Circular reasoning is a logical fallacy (false logic). You begin with what you are trying to prove. Circular argument uses its own conclusion as one of its premises.

e.g.

He told me that he doesn't lie.
He always speaks the truth.
Hence, he speaks the truth.
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 10 Jul 2011, 11:52
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Clean B .
The author is just trying to bring in similarities between the benefits of 2 different treatments.
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 10 Jul 2011, 11:56
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i picked e :(
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 10 Jul 2011, 12:01
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bschool83
In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

A. attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
C. pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
D. criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants
Show more

B. Author compares transplants methods (kidney vs heart transplants). and compares the benefits of each type.
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 10 Jul 2011, 18:28
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B is correct.

E is wrong because it mentions that critics opposed the early heart transplant(use of " ...and their opposition....). The argument never mentions anything like that.

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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 06 Feb 2016, 08:24
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bschool83
In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

A. attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
C. pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
D. criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants
Show more

Purely the game is between B and E here....I was able to pick B but still i can't clearly eliminate choices A and E....

Can anyone please explain what is circular reasoning(Option A)?

And What Option E means?

Experts pls help...

Thanks,
Arun
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 06 Feb 2016, 21:33
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ArunpriyanJ
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

A. attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
C. pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
D. criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants

Purely the game is between B and E here....I was able to pick B but still i can't clearly eliminate choices A and E....

Can anyone please explain what is circular reasoning(Option A)?

And What Option E means?

Experts pls help...

Thanks,
Arun
Show more

Hi Arun,

in response to your PM..
A good debrief by Shasadou..
However, only one point I would differ :- E should not be tempting and can be eliminated immediately..

If you go through the analogy of heart transplant, the author never talks of opposition.
Whereas the choice talks and compares opposition to both the transplants.
analogy is between the two transplants and implying that the side benefits accrued from the second should be seen in the first one too..

Circular reasoning means A is because of B and B occurs when A is present...
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 14 Aug 2019, 22:43
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DavidTutorexamPAL VeritasKarishma

Can I say that in current date, the heart transplant technique is no longer is use.
Does this affect author's conclusion: the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine ?

Quote:
In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.
Show more
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 21 Aug 2019, 06:26
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adkikani
DavidTutorexamPAL VeritasKarishma

Can I say that in current date, the heart transplant technique is no longer is use.
Does this affect author's conclusion: the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine ?

Quote:
In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.
Show more

Yes, you can say that "in the current date, the heart transplant technique is no longer is use." Infact this is what the author means to say too.

NO, it does not affect the author's conclusion.

The question promt says " These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, "
He talks about the 1st heart transplants and how even though expensive lead the way for research. What happens to the 1st heart transplants does not matter after that bcs they have already been substituted by better versions.
For analogy - You light a match stick and you set fire to a log of wood. Now, even if the matchstick burns out or dies you still have fire.
New transplants are like the matchsticks.

makes sense?
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 23 Aug 2019, 07:40
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It can never have E as answer .

simply because ,the lines - These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research - are of author's lines
not of other critics as mentioned in E . we cant assume an outside extra infor when its clearly visible that these are author's lines.
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 25 Aug 2019, 04:21
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It is clear that the author is trying to give an example to affirm that the conclusion of critics is not correct.
Option B

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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 09 Sep 2020, 15:01
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VeritasKarishma
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

A. attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
C. pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
D. criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants

Purely the game is between B and E here....I was able to pick B but still i can't clearly eliminate choices A and E....

Can anyone please explain what is circular reasoning(Option A)?

And What Option E means?

Experts pls help...

Thanks,
Arun

Responding to a pm:

Analogy means "similarity".

Now focus on the argument:
The new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine.
Critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures

So the author is implying that first heart transplants were very beneficial because they stimulated research. Similarly, artificial kidney implant is a boon too. The implication is that it will stimulate lots of research too. So the procedure itself may be difficult and expensive but it will lead to research on more useful procedures.

B. implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
So the author is defending the procedure by implying similarity between the early heart transplants and artificial kidney implant. This is correct.

E. implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants
The author does not say that these same critics were opposing early heart transplants. Had the argument said that, then it would have implied an analogy (similarity) between the critics' opposition.

Circular reasoning is a logical fallacy (false logic). You begin with what you are trying to prove. Circular argument uses its own conclusion as one of its premises.

e.g.

He told me that he doesn't lie.
He always speaks the truth.
Hence, he speaks the truth.
Show more

Can you please explain why C is wrong?
It is implicit in the passage that the critics were against the kidney transplant's high costs.
I was able to narrow it down to B and C.

Thanks!
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 13 Sep 2020, 22:23
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bschool83
In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney implant is a boon to modern medicine. These critics should remember that the first heart transplants stimulated an enormous amount of beneficial medical research, even though the transplant technique was later rejected in favor of less invasive surgical procedures.

The author defends the artificial kidney implant against the critics by

(A) attacking her opponents' method of circular reasoning
(B) implying an analogy between the benefits of the artificial kidney implant and the benefits of the early heart transplants
(C) pointing out a contradiction implicit in their criticism of the implant's high cost
(D) criticizing the professional objectivity of her opponents rather than their claim
(E) implying an analogy between the critics' opposition to the artificial kidney implant and their opposition to the early heart transplants
Show more


QUICK SOLUTION

Premise- Author supp A.K.T- eg H.T.L (CRUCIAL the early tech was-irrespective of its replacement in future).
Concl- AKT not to be criticised- it may stimulate huge amount of R/D as in HTL

A - x
B - Early inventions are crucial
C - X
D - X
E - X
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In spite of what its critics say, the new, expensive artificial kidney 29 Dec 2021, 21:19
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