Last visit was: 19 Nov 2025, 23:05 It is currently 19 Nov 2025, 23:05
Close
GMAT Club Daily Prep
Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email.

Customized
for You

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History

Track
Your Progress

every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance

Practice
Pays

we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History
Not interested in getting valuable practice questions and articles delivered to your email? No problem, unsubscribe here.
Close
Request Expert Reply
Confirm Cancel
User avatar
Marcab
Joined: 03 Feb 2011
Last visit: 22 Jan 2021
Posts: 850
Own Kudos:
4,853
 [55]
Given Kudos: 221
Status:Retaking after 7 years
Location: United States (NY)
Concentration: Finance, Economics
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
GPA: 3.75
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
Posts: 850
Kudos: 4,853
 [55]
5
Kudos
Add Kudos
49
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Most Helpful Reply
User avatar
egmat
User avatar
e-GMAT Representative
Joined: 02 Nov 2011
Last visit: 19 Nov 2025
Posts: 5,108
Own Kudos:
32,887
 [34]
Given Kudos: 700
GMAT Date: 08-19-2020
Expert
Expert reply
Active GMAT Club Expert! Tag them with @ followed by their username for a faster response.
Posts: 5,108
Kudos: 32,887
 [34]
23
Kudos
Add Kudos
11
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
General Discussion
User avatar
MacFauz
Joined: 02 Jul 2012
Last visit: 19 Mar 2022
Posts: 996
Own Kudos:
3,360
 [2]
Given Kudos: 116
Location: India
Concentration: Strategy
GMAT 1: 740 Q49 V42
GPA: 3.8
WE:Engineering (Energy)
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
1
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
User avatar
Marcab
Joined: 03 Feb 2011
Last visit: 22 Jan 2021
Posts: 850
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 221
Status:Retaking after 7 years
Location: United States (NY)
Concentration: Finance, Economics
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
GPA: 3.75
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
Posts: 850
Kudos: 4,853
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Since physicists is the subject of the previous clause,cant "them" refer it physicists.
User avatar
MacFauz
Joined: 02 Jul 2012
Last visit: 19 Mar 2022
Posts: 996
Own Kudos:
3,360
 [1]
Given Kudos: 116
Location: India
Concentration: Strategy
GMAT 1: 740 Q49 V42
GPA: 3.8
WE:Engineering (Energy)
Kudos
Add Kudos
1
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
The noun modifier should always touch the noun. A corollary of this can be taken as "A modifier modifies the noun which it touches."

But true the sentence could be better framed as E here uses a series of modifiers to modify the same noun. However, of the given options, E is the best.
User avatar
daagh
User avatar
Major Poster
Joined: 19 Feb 2007
Last visit: 16 Oct 2020
Posts: 5,264
Own Kudos:
42,419
 [2]
Given Kudos: 422
Status: enjoying
Location: India
WE:Education (Education)
Expert
Expert reply
Posts: 5,264
Kudos: 42,419
 [2]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
1
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Fairly straight. As small or smaller than is wrong idiom. So A , B and C are out.
D: Mostly is an adverb; we want a pronoun such as most to refer to the noun quarks. So D is wrong

E is the ultimate choice.
User avatar
shanmugamgsn
Joined: 04 Oct 2011
Last visit: 31 Dec 2014
Posts: 141
Own Kudos:
159
 [1]
Given Kudos: 44
Location: India
Concentration: Entrepreneurship, International Business
GMAT 1: 440 Q33 V13
GPA: 3
GMAT 1: 440 Q33 V13
Posts: 141
Kudos: 159
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
daagh
Fairly straight. As small or smaller than is wrong idiom. So A , B and C are out.
D: Mostly is an adverb; we want a pronoun such as most to refer to the noun quarks. So D is wrong

E is the ultimate choice.

Hi,

Doesn't "them" in choice E seems to have antecedent error?


In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, [color=#ff00000]most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display[/color] a property known as color charge.

Them can refer to physicists/quarks right?
User avatar
Marcab
Joined: 03 Feb 2011
Last visit: 22 Jan 2021
Posts: 850
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 221
Status:Retaking after 7 years
Location: United States (NY)
Concentration: Finance, Economics
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
GPA: 3.75
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
Posts: 850
Kudos: 4,853
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
shanmugamgsn
daagh
Fairly straight. As small or smaller than is wrong idiom. So A , B and C are out.
D: Mostly is an adverb; we want a pronoun such as most to refer to the noun quarks. So D is wrong

E is the ultimate choice.

Hi,

Doesn't "them" in choice E seems to have antecedent error?


In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, [color=#ff00000]most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display[/color] a property known as color charge.

Them can refer to physicists/quarks right?

Hii Shan.
"most of them......." is a modifier and hence it will modify the subject of only the preceding clause. The preceding clause is "called quarks".
Hope this helps.
User avatar
shanmugamgsn
Joined: 04 Oct 2011
Last visit: 31 Dec 2014
Posts: 141
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 44
Location: India
Concentration: Entrepreneurship, International Business
GMAT 1: 440 Q33 V13
GPA: 3
GMAT 1: 440 Q33 V13
Posts: 141
Kudos: 159
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Marcab
shanmugamgsn
daagh
Fairly straight. As small or smaller than is wrong idiom. So A , B and C are out.
D: Mostly is an adverb; we want a pronoun such as most to refer to the noun quarks. So D is wrong

E is the ultimate choice.

Hi,

Doesn't "them" in choice E seems to have antecedent error?


In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, [color=#ff00000]most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display[/color] a property known as color charge.

Them can refer to physicists/quarks right?

Hii Shan.
"most of them......." is a modifier and hence it will modify the subject of only the preceding clause. The preceding clause is "called quarks".
Hope this helps.

Thanks marcab!
ya "most of them... " is modifier.
So u mean pronoun in modifier refers to antecedent modifies clause/noun !
am i right?
User avatar
Marcab
Joined: 03 Feb 2011
Last visit: 22 Jan 2021
Posts: 850
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 221
Status:Retaking after 7 years
Location: United States (NY)
Concentration: Finance, Economics
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
GPA: 3.75
GMAT 1: 720 Q49 V39
Posts: 850
Kudos: 4,853
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Hii Shan.
Here "them" refers to "quarks" and hence "most of them" correctly refers to "most of quarks".
Hope this helps.
User avatar
pavanpaone
Joined: 16 Nov 2012
Last visit: 10 Apr 2022
Posts: 21
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 55
Location: United States
Concentration: Operations, Social Entrepreneurship
Schools: ISB '15 NUS '16
GMAT Date: 08-27-2013
GPA: 3.46
WE:Project Management (Other)
Products:
Schools: ISB '15 NUS '16
Posts: 21
Kudos: 69
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display a property known as color charge.

(A) most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display---"which" is referring to eletron instead of quarks
(B) most of them as small or smaller than the electron and displaying --- idiom "as small as",
(C) mostly as small or smaller than the electron, displaying---awkward
(D) mostly at least as small as the electron, which display WHICH---samae as A is used falsely
(E) most of them at least as small as the electron, displaying-------correct
avatar
mhngo
Joined: 09 Mar 2014
Last visit: 14 Apr 2017
Posts: 15
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 135
Posts: 15
Kudos: 9
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
egmat
Hi all,

In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different "flavors" of subatomic particles called quarks, most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display a property known as color charge.

Error Analysis: 1. This sentence uses the incorrect idiom “as small or smaller than” which is actually the mix of two degrees of comparison. This is incorrect. We must one correct idiom to convey the intended meaning.
2. Understanding the sentence structure is very important here. Note that “which display…” is meant to modify “quarks”. However, “which” is closer to “electron” than to “quarks”. Hence, there is an ambiguity in the reference of “which”. Also “display” does not agree in number with “electron” if “which” has to refer to “electron”.

POE:
A) most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display: Incorrect for the reasons stated above.

B) most of them as small or smaller than the electron and displaying: Incorrect. The idiom error persists.

C) mostly as small or smaller than the electron, displaying: Incorrect. The idiom error persists.

D) mostly at least as small as the electron, which display: Incorrect. “which” is closer to “electron” and hence refer to “electron”. However, “the verb “display” does not agree in number with “electron”.

E) most of them at least as small as the electron, displaying: Correct. Notice that the modifier “most of them at least as small as the electron” is placed between two commas that make this information non-essential for the sentence. In this case, “displaying” correctly modifies “quarks”. If we remove the non-essential information for the sentence, the comma before “displaying” will also be removed. Here, we do not have the case of comma + verb-ing that is modifying the preceding clause.

This sentence is like the following GMAT Prep question the correct answer of which is C:
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circleother stars.
A. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
B. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
C. most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
D. mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
E. mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling

Hope this helps. :)
Thanks.
Shraddha

Hi Shraddha,

I have a different understanding from what you explained. I thought that the term "as small or smaller than" is different from "as large or larger than" in your example.
- " most of them as large or larger than B" can be rewritten as " most of them at least as large as B", because B is the standard for the smallest.
- " most of them as small or smaller than B" actually points out that B is the standard for the largest rather than smallest, so rewritten as "most of them at least as small as B", this choice changes the meaning of what is expected in the sentence.

Anyways, if I have to choose, E is still the best choice though I'm not satisfied because even though the idiom is correct, the meaning of the sentence is disputable.
User avatar
ronr34
Joined: 08 Apr 2012
Last visit: 10 Oct 2014
Posts: 248
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 58
Posts: 248
Kudos: 250
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
pavanpaone
In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display a property known as color charge.

(A) most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display---"which" is referring to eletron instead of quarks
(B) most of them as small or smaller than the electron and displaying --- idiom "as small as",
(C) mostly as small or smaller than the electron, displaying---awkward
(D) mostly at least as small as the electron, which display WHICH---samae as A is used falsely
(E) most of them at least as small as the electron, displaying-------correct
The part after the comma can be dropped, creating the sentence:
In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks which display a property known as color charge.

This is correct right? this means that A or D are the correct answers.

E on the other hand will sound like:

In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, most of them at least as small as the electron, displaying a property known as color charge.
And if we take out the comma part:
In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks displaying a property known as color charge.

This isn't right....
Can someone elaborate on this?
User avatar
dina98
Joined: 14 Jul 2014
Last visit: 07 Jun 2019
Posts: 121
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 110
Location: United States
GMAT 1: 720 Q50 V37
GMAT 2: 600 Q48 V27
GPA: 3.2
Products:
GMAT 2: 600 Q48 V27
Posts: 121
Kudos: 63
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
mhngo

Hi Shraddha,

I have a different understanding from what you explained. I thought that the term "as small or smaller than" is different from "as large or larger than" in your example.
- " most of them as large or larger than B" can be rewritten as " most of them at least as large as B", because B is the standard for the smallest.
- " most of them as small or smaller than B" actually points out that B is the standard for the largest rather than smallest, so rewritten as "most of them at least as small as B", this choice changes the meaning of what is expected in the sentence.

Anyways, if I have to choose, E is still the best choice though I'm not satisfied because even though the idiom is correct, the meaning of the sentence is disputable.

Exactly, I agree. Does not this change the meaning? Shraddha?
User avatar
sayantanc2k
Joined: 14 Dec 2013
Last visit: 09 Dec 2022
Posts: 2,393
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 26
Location: Germany
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
WE:Corporate Finance (Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)
Expert
Expert reply
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
Posts: 2,393
Kudos: 15,523
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
dina98
mhngo

Hi Shraddha,

I have a different understanding from what you explained. I thought that the term "as small or smaller than" is different from "as large or larger than" in your example.
- " most of them as large or larger than B" can be rewritten as " most of them at least as large as B", because B is the standard for the smallest.
- " most of them as small or smaller than B" actually points out that B is the standard for the largest rather than smallest, so rewritten as "most of them at least as small as B", this choice changes the meaning of what is expected in the sentence.

Anyways, if I have to choose, E is still the best choice though I'm not satisfied because even though the idiom is correct, the meaning of the sentence is disputable.

Exactly, I agree. Does not this change the meaning? Shraddha?

If I understood you correctly, you mean to say that the correct wording would be " at most as small as...". If this is what you meant, following is my reasoning:

In "at least as as large as ", the phrase "at least" is a measure of largeness. {"more large" = larger}

In "at least as as small as ", the phrase "at least" is a measure of smallness. {"more small" = "smaller"}

Thus either way the phrase "at least" is applicable.
User avatar
daboo343
Joined: 09 Nov 2012
Last visit: 20 Nov 2022
Posts: 223
Own Kudos:
708
 [1]
Given Kudos: 162
Status:You have to have the darkness for the dawn to come
Daboo: Sonu
GMAT 1: 590 Q49 V20
GMAT 2: 730 Q50 V38
Products:
GMAT 2: 730 Q50 V38
Posts: 223
Kudos: 708
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
carcass
In the last few decades, physicists have identified the existence of different “flavors” of subatomic particles called quarks, most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display a property known as color charge.

(A) most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display
(B) most of them as small or smaller than the electron and displaying
(C) mostly as small or smaller than the electron, displaying
(D) mostly at least as small as the electron, which display
(E) most of them at least as small as the electron, displaying


(A) most of them as small or smaller than the electron, which display. Wrong Idiom
(B) most of them as small or smaller than the electron and displaying. Wrong Idiom
(C) mostly as small or smaller than the electron, displaying. Same as above
(D) mostly at least as small the electron, which display. which is modifying electron but per the meaning of the sentence we want ot modify quarks
(E) most of them at least as small as the electron, displaying[/quote] Correct.
Displaying...... is correctly modifying quarks
User avatar
Mahmud6
User avatar
Retired Moderator
Joined: 10 Mar 2013
Last visit: 12 Jul 2025
Posts: 387
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 235
Status:The best is yet to come.....
Posts: 387
Kudos: 881
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Isn't 'are' required after 'most of them'? Most of them are at least........
Without any helping verb, it seems awkward!
User avatar
sayantanc2k
Joined: 14 Dec 2013
Last visit: 09 Dec 2022
Posts: 2,393
Own Kudos:
15,523
 [2]
Given Kudos: 26
Location: Germany
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
WE:Corporate Finance (Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)
Expert
Expert reply
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
Posts: 2,393
Kudos: 15,523
 [2]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
1
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Mahmud6
Isn't 'are' required after 'most of them'? Most of them are at least........
Without any helping verb, it seems awkward!

No, "verb" is not required. "Most of them at least as small as the electron" is a subgroup modifier. Following are the correct structures of subgroup modifiers:

1. ...most of which are at least as small as the electron...
2. ...most of them at least as small as the electron...
3. ...most at least as small as the electron...
User avatar
Mahmud6
User avatar
Retired Moderator
Joined: 10 Mar 2013
Last visit: 12 Jul 2025
Posts: 387
Own Kudos:
Given Kudos: 235
Status:The best is yet to come.....
Posts: 387
Kudos: 881
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
sayantanc2k
Mahmud6
Isn't 'are' required after 'most of them'? Most of them are at least........
Without any helping verb, it seems awkward!

No, "verb" is not required. "Most of them at least as small as the electron" is a subgroup modifier. Following are the correct structures of subgroup modifiers:

1. ...most of which are at least as small as the electron...
2. ...most of them at least as small as the electron...
3. ...most at least as small as the electron...

Thanks.

Would you please explain why be verb is used in the following correct sentence?

Prompted by recent discoveries, paleontologists have started research on the fossils of feathered dinosaurs, a study that has ignited the debate over when and why dinosaurs developed plumage, and that makes many researchers believe that possibly all or most of them had feathers. Source: E-gmat.
User avatar
sayantanc2k
Joined: 14 Dec 2013
Last visit: 09 Dec 2022
Posts: 2,393
Own Kudos:
15,523
 [1]
Given Kudos: 26
Location: Germany
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
WE:Corporate Finance (Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)
Expert
Expert reply
Schools:
GMAT 1: 780 Q50 V47
Posts: 2,393
Kudos: 15,523
 [1]
1
Kudos
Add Kudos
Bookmarks
Bookmark this Post
Mahmud6
sayantanc2k
Mahmud6
Isn't 'are' required after 'most of them'? Most of them are at least........
Without any helping verb, it seems awkward!

No, "verb" is not required. "Most of them at least as small as the electron" is a subgroup modifier. Following are the correct structures of subgroup modifiers:

1. ...most of which are at least as small as the electron...
2. ...most of them at least as small as the electron...
3. ...most at least as small as the electron...

Thanks.

Would you please explain why be verb is used in the following correct sentence?

Prompted by recent discoveries, paleontologists have started research on the fossils of feathered dinosaurs, a study that has ignited the debate over when and why dinosaurs developed plumage, and that makes many researchers believe that possibly all or most of them had feathers. Source: E-gmat.

Here "all or most of them...." is NOT A subgroup modifier, but a complete clause. A subgroup modifier must have a noun (referring to a group) preceding the modifier. In the subject question, the noun that the subgroup modifier refers is "quarks".

Beside the river I saw some animals, some of them behaving strangely..... subgroup modifier referring to "animals"
Beside the river I saw some animals; I can confirm that some of them were behaving strangely...... clause: "sum of them" is the subject
 1   2   
Moderators:
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
7443 posts
GMAT Club Verbal Expert
231 posts
189 posts