PriyamRathor wrote:
WillGetIt wrote:
Increased use of incineration is sometimes advocated as a safe way to dispose of chemical waste. But opponents of incineration point to the 40 incidents involving unexpected releases of dangerous chemical agents that were reported just last year at two existing incinerators commissioned to destroy a quantity of chemical waste material. Since designs for proposed new incinerators include no additional means of preventing such releases, leaks will only become more prevalent if use of incineration increases.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) At the two incinerators at which leaks were reported, staff had had only cursory training on the proper procedures for incinerating chemical waste.
(B) Other means of disposing of chemical waste, such as chemical neutralization processes, have not been proven safer than incineration.
(C) The capacity of existing incinerators is sufficient to allow for increased incineration of chemical waste without any need for new incinerators.
(D) The frequency of reports of unexpected releases of chemical agents at newly built incinerators is about the same as the frequency at older incinerators.
(E) ln only three of the reported incidents of unexpected chemical leaks did the releases extend outside the property on which the incinerators were located.
Use of Incineration
Step 1: Identify the Question
The word weakens indicates that this is a Weaken the Argument question.
Step 2: Deconstruct the Argument
last year: 40 incin leaks
new inc: no new safety features
Ó If increase incin à more leaks
Step 3: Pause and State the Goal
On Weaken questions, the correct answer should make the conclusion less likely to be valid. The argument states that, if incineration increases, then there will be more leaks. What information might call this conclusion into question?
Step 4: Work from Wrong to Right
(A) CORRECT. This information provides a potential reason for the 40 spills at the 2 old incinerators: The staff was not properly trained. If the staff at other incinerators is appropriately trained, an increase in incineration will not necessarily lead to more leaks. This information weakens the argument.
(B) The conclusion of the argument is not about whether incineration is the safest method of waste disposal; it is about whether increased incineration will lead to more leaks. This answer is not relevant.
(C) This answer suggests that incineration could be increased without building new incinerators by using unused capacity at the old incinerators. This choice does not, however, provide new information relative to the conclusion: whether increased use of incineration will lead to more leaks.
(D) This answer strengthens the argument. It provides an additional reason to believe that more incineration will lead to more leaks, since the frequency of leaks is the same at new incinerators.
(E) This information implies that leaks may not be that harmful, at least beyond the property of the incinerator. But this fact is irrelevant to the conclusion, which is about the frequency of leaks, not their severity.
Hello Experts,
KarishmaB ,
GMATNinja ,
RonTargetTestPrep ,
AndrewNI am confused why Option A is correct ?
Can we challenge the FACT/PREMISE given in the statement ?Increased use of incineration is sometimes advocated as a safe way to dispose of chemical waste——– FACT
But opponents of incineration point to the 40 incidents involving unexpected releases of dangerous chemical agents that were reported just last year at two existing incinerators commissioned to destroy a quantity of chemical waste material—FACT
Since designs for proposed new incinerators include no additional means of preventing such releases, leaks will only become more prevalent if use of incineration increases ——AUTHORS ARGUMENT.
Here option A says that it is not the incinerators but the staff who are responsible for the leakage.
We are challenging the given information / the PREMISE itself.
Can we do that ?Choice D is much more inline with the Process that we have learned ie weakening the ARGUMENT.Now the argument says that the leaks will become more prevalent.
Choice D says that the frequency will remain same for NEW incinerators.
Lets say 100 leaks happened per 1000 operations at the old incinerator.
Now , New incinerator will also have 100 leaks per 1000 operations. So the FREQUENCY IS NOT INCREASING. IT IS CONSTANT.
Hence Choice D breaks down the Authors Argument.Thanks.
Hi Priyam,
This post came to my attention. Maybe I can help.
From what I see, there are
three points that need to be discussed here:
1. Why is option A not really challenging/going against the given premise?
2. Why is option A the correct answer?
3. Why is option D incorrect? (in fact, it is a strengthener (!))
1. Why is option A not really challenging/going against the given premise?Look at the following sentence:
Paracetamol is sometimes suggested as a medicine for migraine.
What is the fact here?
1. Paracetamol is a medicine for migraine OR
2. Sometimes, Paracetamol is suggested by some people as a medicine for migraine.
From the sentence, the only thing we know as a fact is that paracetamol gets suggested sometimes (
not necessarily by the author of the sentence!) as a medicine for migraine.
We do not know for a fact that paracetamol really is a medicine for migraine. For all we know, it may be horrible for migraine!
Similarly,
Increased use of incineration is sometimes advocated as a safe way to dispose of chemical waste.What is the fact here?
Is it a fact that incineration is a safe way to dispose of chemical waste?
Or
Is it a fact that incineration is sometimes promoted as a safe way to dispose of chemical waste?
Clearly the latter!
In other words, the factual premise is NOT that incineration is a safe way to dispose of chemical waste. It is only that incineration is sometimes pushed as a safe way to dispose of chemical waste (this advocacy/promotion of incineration - we have no idea who these people are who are doing it, by the way!).
And so,
option A does not go against the premise!
Think about it this way, if it is a fact that incineration is a safe way to dispose of chemical waste, is the conclusion logical?
If incineration is safe, then why is the author worried about chemical leaks (of dangerous (unsafe) chemicals!) from incinerators? 2. Why is option A the correct answer?Argument in a nutshell- 40 leak incidents from 2 existing incinerators in the last year
- No additional stuff meant to prevent such leaks in the designs for the proposed new incinerators
- So, if the use of incineration increases, more such leaks will happen (Conclusion)
It is based on the incidents that occurred at these 2 existing incinerators that the author makes this conclusion. But what if the cause of these leakage incidents at these 2 incinerators was something else? i.e., What if the incinerators cannot be blamed?
For instance: What if human error was the real reason? The incinerators worked beautifully, but the people at these 2 incinerators did not follow the proper process. And that is what caused the incidents. Then, the incinerators designs are good as is. These incidents have nothing to do with the incinerators. So, with new incinerators coming in with the good-as-is design, we do not really expect leakage incidents to go up too.
This is what option A does. It casts doubt on the conclusion being drawn (in other words - weakens the argument), by introducing an alternate reason for the incidents - human error due to inadequate training. Then, can we really blame the incinerators? For all we know, those designs are perfect as they are, and the increased usage with new incinerators will have no such leakage issues.
3. Why is option D incorrect? (in fact, it is a strengthener (!))
(D) The frequency of reports of unexpected releases of chemical agents at newly built incinerators is about the same as the frequency at older incinerators.
Remember: It is based on the incidents that occurred at these 2 existing incinerators (i.e., older incinerators) that the author makes this conclusion.
The older incinerators are bad - such a high frequency of incidents (40 incidents in just one year).
If new incinerators have the same frequency of incidents as old incinerators (which is what option D is suggesting!), given that the old ones have had such a bad run, does it not make you worry more about leakage incidents?
Here, the notion that "frequency is not increasing" and it is constant is not good enough. The real problem is that even if the frequency is the same (constant) as the old,
the old ones are in a bad situation! The old ones seem to have a history of leakage incidents (40 in just one year, from just 2 incinerators). If the new ones are going to have the same frequency of incidents, it strengthens the belief that more leaks are bound to happen with more incineration happening.
This is why option D is actually a strengthener, not a weakener.
Hope this helps!
Harsha