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Could you help clarify my doubts? And, how to prevent similar mistakes next time? If I see most options use the same pronoun, should it be a sign that the use of the pronoun is correct even though I do not think so?
Hi GraceSCKao,

When we want to understand the role that a phrase (a group of words less than a clause) plays, we usually need to identify the most important element ("head") in that group. This is normally doable. For example, in a phrase like very long responses, the most important element is responses. But sometimes, no one element will stand out as being the only possible (or most likely) head element. When that happens, we need to look for clues:

1. The verb. If, like in this question, one element would need a singular verb if it were the head (linking), while another would need a plural verb (arrangements), the verb may tell us what the real subject is. In this case, of course, evolved doesn't have a different singular/plural form, so that isn't very helpful.

2. Pronouns. The choice of pronoun could also help us understand which element is the head. You noticed this when you were solving the question.

3. Meaning. Sometimes meaning is the only way to take a call. For example, in this question, looking at that phrase as linking arrangements would mean that we're looking at the linking of general arrangements. But if we look at that phrase as linking arrangements, we know that we're dealing with specific arrangements (arrangements of a particular type). That makes more sense in this case (a specific type of arrangement never evolved...).
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GraceSCKao
Could you help clarify my doubts? And, how to prevent similar mistakes next time? If I see most options use the same pronoun, should it be a sign that the use of the pronoun is correct even though I do not think so?
Hi GraceSCKao,

But sometimes, no one element will stand out as being the only possible (or most likely) head element. When that happens, we need to look for clues:

1. The verb. If, like in this question, one element would need a singular verb if it were the head (linking), while another would need a plural verb (arrangements), the verb may tell us what the real subject is. In this case, of course, evolved doesn't have a different singular/plural form, so that isn't very helpful.

2. Pronouns. The choice of pronoun could also help us understand which element is the head. You noticed this when you were solving the question.

3. Meaning. Sometimes meaning is the only way to take a call. For example, in this question, looking at that phrase as linking arrangements would mean that we're looking at the linking of general arrangements. But if we look at that phrase as linking arrangements, we know that we're dealing with specific arrangements (arrangements of a particular type). That makes more sense in this case (a specific type of arrangement never evolved...).

Hi AjiteshArun,

Thank you so much for your elaboration and tips! :)
Would keep your tips in mind. I think that when I practiced this question, I should not reject to consider the possibility that "linking arrangements" could be the subject, however I preferred the idea that "linking" should be the subject. Meanwhile, If I had noticed the ambiguity in the option (C), I might have been able to eliminate (C). I also need to work on the part.

ExpertsGlobal5, CharismaticTeekay
Thanks for your responses too. :)
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Hi,

Can anyone please elaborate why we need between? If the arrangement here was related to schools (School 1, 2, and 3) and some workplace, then among actually works here because we have more than two items. I also found this sentence on the internet - He lived among artists and writers (Merriam-Webster dictionary).

Also, what's the difference between the usage of 'they have' and 'they did' in the context of this question?

Thank you!
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Hi,

Can anyone please elaborate why we need between? If the arrangement here was related to schools (School 1, 2, and 3) and some workplace, then among actually works here because we have more than two items. I also found this sentence on the internet - He lived among artists and writers (Merriam-Webster dictionary).

Also, what's the difference between the usage of 'they have' and 'they did' in the context of this question?

Thank you!

Hello CrushTHYGMAT,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, the use of "between" is correct here because the term "secondary schools" is used to refer to the collective category of secondary schools; in other words, the linking arrangement referred to in this sentence links all secondary schools, as a unit, to the workplace, not all secondary schools to one another and the workplace.

Further, in this case, "they have" is a present perfect tense verb phrase; this phrase is a shortened version of "they have evolved", "evolved" having been omitted for conciseness.

By contrast "they did" is a simple past tense verb, wherein "did" refers to the verb "evolved".

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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CrushTHYGMAT
I also found this sentence on the internet - He lived among artists and writers (Merriam-Webster dictionary).
Hi CrushTHYGMAT,

That meaning of among is different from the one you're thinking about. It doesn't involve a ~division (or a ~choice) of any kind.

Lived among just means that he lived with some group (in this case, artists and writers).
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Hi,

Can anyone please elaborate why we need between? If the arrangement here was related to schools (School 1, 2, and 3) and some workplace, then among actually works here because we have more than two items.
Here, the intent is to explore linking arrangements between following two entities:

i) secondary schools and
ii) the workplace

On the other hand, "among" would be suitable for the following sentence:

There should be more knowledge sharing among secondary schools.

Perhaps few more examples will help:

i) There should be more cooperation between developing countries and developed countries
- Cooperation between two entities (developing countries and developed countries) and hence, "between".

ii) There should be more cooperation among developing countries
- Cooperation among more than two entities (developing countries) and hence, "among".

Few examples from official sources:

i) among pugnacious states of the Greek world... (#60, OG-13)
ii) among the 900 or so species of the world's social wasps......(#102, OG-13)

p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses the distinction between "between" and "among". Have attached the corresponding section of the book, for your reference.
Attachments

Between Among.pdf [678.68 KiB]
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I read all the thread and did some research in MGMAT SC guide of last edition. Is C wrong only for a meaning ambiguity or is there any structural error? I think the latter is true and here are some explanations from MGMAT.

I will jump up as a clown. (= in a clown suit).

There is no comparison here because this sentence just means that I will be dressed in a clown suit. The guide says that “to force the comparison as meaning, use a clause. To make a clause, include a verb”.

I will jump up as clowns do. (= like actual clowns)

As you see, you need a verb for a comparison to work and you cannot just omit it. Additionally, in C if there were a comma before “as in most other developed countries”, then this part would act as an adverbial modifier applying to the whole close “Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States”. Then C would mean that “Linking arrangement evolved neither in US nor in other developed countries” and look as below:

Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States, as in most other developed countries.

MGMAT says that as can also appear with a phrase, rather than a full clause when as clause acts as a modifier. Here is an example similar to C with comma:

As in previous case, the judge took an early brake.

However, there is no comma in C and thus “as in most other developed countries” has to be read not as a modifier but as a part of comparison as trying to convey. But for proper comparison we need a verb and E gives us that lacking “they did”, avoiding the mistake made by C. Therefore, C is incorrect not for ambiguity but for wrong structure.

Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States as they did in most other developed countries. (Correct E)

However, please note that you may see as being used with neither verb nor comma, but in those cases as may be used not as a comparison maker but as a preposition or adverbial modifier, examples:

I think of you as my friend. (= equation, used as a preposition and means that you are my friend)
I think of you as my friend does. (= both I and my friend think of you)

Eyewitness describes the missing passenger as his lawyer. (Passenger appears to be his lawyer)
Eyewitness describes the missing passenger as his lawyer does. (Passenger and his lawyer describe in the same way)

There is a meaning shift when like is used instead of as:

I will jump up as a clown. (= in the clown suit)
I will jump up like a clown. (= in the same way)

Note that in the second sentence we don’t need a comma before like, otherwise the meaning would be “clown jumps and so do I”. To mean in the same way we don’t a comma, example from MGMAT:

My grandpa eats like a child, slurping loudly and helping himself to plenty of ketchup.

One more thing to note: don’t cross out as soon as you see such sentences as “I think of you as my friend” and “I will jump up as a clown” among answer choices, anticipating either like instead of as or verb after as. These sentences may very well be correct. Another important thing is that most experts say that comma usage is not tested on GMAT. However, there are substantial meaning shifts resulting from comma:

I want to coach divers like Greg Louganis. (= divers who are like Greg)
I want to coach divers, like Greg Louganis. (= Greg coaches divers; I want to do so)

You should walk as she wants you to walk. (= in the same way)
You should walk, as she wants you to walk. (= because she wants)

Students learn to think as their professor does. (= in the same way as their professor thinks)
Students learn to think, as their professor does. (= students and their professor learn to think)

Last but not least, as is differently used than as__ as__ and more/less__ than__. While using as__ as__ and more/less__ than__ you can omit units, verbs, and even whole clauses from the second term if there is no ambiguity, for example:

I walk as fast as (I walked) when I was younger.
Linking arrangements... evolved as fast in the United States as (they did) in most other developed countries.

The clothes looked more appealing inside the store than (they did) on the racks outside.
Linking arrangements... evolved faster in the United States than (they did) in most other developed countries.

But as I already have mentioned, we need a verb for as to work as a comparison, thus:

E) Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States as they did in most other developed countries.
There is comparison, but with the verb form "do" "ants attack prey as bees do " meaning is impotant between C and E
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???Hi experts,

Linking arrangements among secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they have in most other developed countries.

(A) among secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they have
(B) in the United States among secondary schools and the workplace never evolved as they did
(C) between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as
(D) in the United States between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved as they have
(E) between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they did

I have questions in (C) and (E)

What is difference in meaning between (C) and (E)?

I read some comments : (C) told that Linking arrangements ........... never evolved in US. Also, they never evolved in other developed countries.

but in (E), does "as they did" not refer to "they never evolved"?

Thank you in advance :)
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Tanchat
I read some comments : (C) told that Linking arrangements ........... never evolved in US. Also, they never evolved in other developed countries.

C is ambiguous, because there are two possible referents for "as in other countries".

One interpretation is
Linking arrangements never...
....evolved in the United States (AS in other countries)

This is the opposite of your interpretation above. In this interpretation, "as in other countries" means "as they DID evolve in other countries".

Another interpretation is
Linking arrangements never evolved in the United States (AS in other countries)[/i]
This is your interpretation above.


Quote:
but in (E), does "as they did" not refer to "they never evolved"?

"...as they DID..." means "...as they DID evolve in other countries". An affirmative verb can't stand for a negation.
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Tanchat
???Hi experts,

Linking arrangements among secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they have in most other developed countries.

(A) among secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they have
(B) in the United States among secondary schools and the workplace never evolved as they did
(C) between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as
(D) in the United States between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved as they have
(E) between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they did

I have questions in (C) and (E)

What is difference in meaning between (C) and (E)?

I read some comments : (C) told that Linking arrangements ........... never evolved in US. Also, they never evolved in other developed countries.

but in (E), does "as they did" not refer to "they never evolved"?

Thank you in advance :)


Hello Tanchat,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, the sentence formed by Option C uses the phrase "as in most other developed countries"; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that linking arrangements between secondary schools and the workplace did not evolve in the United States, and in the same way such arrangments did not evolve in most other developed nations.

By contrast, the sentence formed by Option E uses the phrase "never evolved in the United States as they did in most other developed countries"; the construction of this phrase and the use of "in the United States" to modify "never evolved" convey the intended meaning - that linking arrangements between secondary schools and the workplace did not evolve in the United States, but such arrangments did evolve in most other developed countries.

Further, in Option E, "did" refers to the verb "evolve", not "never evolve"; on their own, "did" and "do" cannot only refer to the verb; they cannot include a modifier - "never" in this case - that acts upon the verb.

For example, "I performed well, and you did too.": here, "did" refers only to "performed"; it does not include the adverb "well"; it is the word "too" that conveys that "well" also applies to "did".

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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Hi experts,

I realize that this question is discussed in great detail on this form. However, I am still confused by the vague use of "they." At first, I thought "vague" could incorrectly refer to the United States. But then I believe there is a rule that the first "they" you see in a sentence will refer to the subject. In this case, the subject is the "link arrangements". Is my understanding correct? Thank you for your time.
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Yes, THEY refers to the subject, which is LINKING ARRANGEMENTS.

This is the full sentence with (E). THEY cannot refer to anything other than LINKING ARRANGEMENTS; the sentence would not make sense.
Quote:
Linking arrangements between secondary schools and the workplace never evolved in the United States as they did in most other countries.
Here is a simplified version that skips over the modifiers:
Quote:
Linking arrangements between-- never evolved in-- as they did in--.
But the 'rule' you mention does not exist! There is no such rule:
Quote:
I believe there is a rule that the first "they" you see in a sentence will refer to the subject
The first THEY will not always refer to the subject. (Usually it will, but not always!)

Here are some sentences in which THEY does not refer to the subject of the sentence:
The death of Queen Elizabeth II has been traumatic for many Britons, even if they never met or saw her.
Conservation was a field primarily concerned with protecting and maintaining wild habitats as they already were.
As a fast-growing but short-lived tree, the American Chestnut shades other saplings in their earlier years, encouraging them to grow straight and tall as they compete for light.


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Hi experts,

I realize that this question is discussed in great detail on this form. However, I am still confused by the vague use of "they." At first, I thought "vague" could incorrectly refer to the United States. But then I believe there is a rule that the first "they" you see in a sentence will refer to the subject. In this case, the subject is the "link arrangements". Is my understanding correct? Thank you for your time.

Hello woohoo921,

We hope this finds you well.

To clarify, there is no rule stating that the first "they" must refer to the subject of the sentence.

The reason there is no ambiguity regarding the use of "they" is that "Linking arrangements" is the only noun that "they" can logically refer to.

To understand the concept of "Exceptions to Pronoun Ambiguity" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



All the best!
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Hi experts,

I realize that this question is discussed in great detail on this form. However, I am still confused by the vague use of "they." At first, I thought "vague" could incorrectly refer to the United States. But then I believe there is a rule that the first "they" you see in a sentence will refer to the subject. In this case, the subject is the "link arrangements". Is my understanding correct? Thank you for your time.

Hello woohoo921,

We hope this finds you well.

To clarify, there is no rule stating that the first "they" must refer to the subject of the sentence.

The reason there is no ambiguity regarding the use of "they" is that "Linking arrangements" is the only noun that "they" can logically refer to.

To understand the concept of "Exceptions to Pronoun Ambiguity" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



All the best!
Experts' Global Team

GMATNinja

I remember that you had a video on pronoun ambiguity and the use of "they" per the rule above. I would be so appreciative if you can weigh in if you can also weight in. Thank you!
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woohoo921
Hi experts,

I realize that this question is discussed in great detail on this form. However, I am still confused by the vague use of "they." At first, I thought "vague" could incorrectly refer to the United States. But then I believe there is a rule that the first "they" you see in a sentence will refer to the subject. In this case, the subject is the "link arrangements". Is my understanding correct? Thank you for your time.

Hello woohoo921,

We hope this finds you well.

To clarify, there is no rule stating that the first "they" must refer to the subject of the sentence.

The reason there is no ambiguity regarding the use of "they" is that "Linking arrangements" is the only noun that "they" can logically refer to.

To understand the concept of "Exceptions to Pronoun Ambiguity" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



All the best!
Experts' Global Team

GMATNinja

I remember that you had a video on pronoun ambiguity and the use of "they" per the rule above. I would be so appreciative if you can weigh in if you can also weight in. Thank you!
No rule here. When a pronoun is the subject of a clause, the most logical place to look for the referent is the subject of the previous clause, so if this interpretation makes sense, you definitely don't have a pronoun error, and you can move on to other issues.

But if the subject of the previous clause doesn't work as a referent for the pronoun, it doesn't mean you have a definitive error. It just means you have to keep looking for the referent and use context to determine if the construction is clear and logical.

For instance, it would be perfectly fine to write this:

    "Tim ate 37 mangoes even though they were bruised and covered in what appeared to be his daughter's snot."

Here, "they" clearly refers to "mangoes" even though "Tim" is the subject of the first clause. That's fine.

To summarize: the mention in that video was about a usage tendency you can use to find a pronoun's referent a little bit more easily. It is absolutely not a rule.

For more on pronouns in general, check out this short-ish video.

I hope that clears things up!
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avigutman there are multiple iff expert explanations for C. What is the real comparison issue in C? Is there ambiguity in comparison and what is it ? How do we know in such cases whether ellipsis is allowed or not? Usually vers can be ellipsed which is how i interpreted C.
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avigutman there are multiple iff expert explanations for C. What is the real comparison issue in C? Is there ambiguity in comparison and what is it ? How do we know in such cases whether ellipsis is allowed or not? Usually vers can be ellipsed which is how i interpreted C.

Hello Elite097,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, the error in Option C is not one of comparison, but one of meaning: the construction of the phrase "as in most other developed countries" incorrectly implies that linking arrangements between secondary schools and the workplace did not evolve in the United States, and in the same way such arrangments did not evolve in most other developed nations; the intended meaning is that linking arrangements between secondary schools and the workplace did not evolve in the United States, but such arrangments did evolve in most other developed countries.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
Experts' Global Team
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