I read all the thread and did some research in
MGMAT SC guide of last edition. Is C wrong only for a meaning ambiguity or is there any structural error? I think the latter is true and here are some explanations from
MGMAT.
I will jump up as a clown. (= in a clown suit).
There is no comparison here because this sentence just means that I will be dressed in a clown suit. The guide says that “
to force the comparison as meaning, use a clause. To make a clause, include a verb”.
I will jump up as clowns do. (= like actual clowns)
As you see, you need a
verb for a comparison to work and you cannot just omit it. Additionally, in C if there
were a comma before “as in most other developed countries”, then this part
would act as an adverbial modifier applying to the whole close “Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States”. Then C would mean that “Linking arrangement evolved neither in US nor in other developed countries” and look as below:
Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States, as in most other developed countries.MGMAT says that
as can also appear with a phrase, rather than a full clause when
as clause acts as a modifier. Here is an example similar to C with comma:
As in previous case, the judge took an early brake.However, there is no comma in C and thus “as in most other developed countries” has to be read not as a modifier but as a
part of comparison as trying to convey. But for proper comparison we need a verb and E gives us that lacking “they did”, avoiding the mistake made by C. Therefore, C is incorrect not for ambiguity but for wrong structure.
Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States as they did in most other developed countries. (Correct E)
However, please note that you may see
as being used with neither verb nor comma, but in those cases
as may be used not as a comparison maker but as a preposition or adverbial modifier, examples:
I think of you as my friend. (= equation, used as a preposition and means that you are my friend)
I think of you as my friend does. (= both I and my friend think of you)
Eyewitness describes the missing passenger as his lawyer. (Passenger appears to be his lawyer)
Eyewitness describes the missing passenger as his lawyer does. (Passenger and his lawyer describe in the same way)
There is a meaning shift when
like is used instead of
as:
I will jump up as a clown. (= in the clown suit)
I will jump up like a clown. (= in the same way)
Note that in the second sentence we don’t need a comma before
like, otherwise the meaning would be “clown jumps and so do I”. To mean
in the same way we don’t a comma, example from
MGMAT:
My grandpa eats like a child, slurping loudly and helping himself to plenty of ketchup.One more thing to note: don’t cross out as soon as you see such sentences as “I think of you as my friend” and “I will jump up as a clown” among answer choices, anticipating either
like instead of
as or verb after
as. These sentences may very well be correct. Another important thing is that most experts say that comma usage is not tested on GMAT. However, there are substantial meaning shifts resulting from comma:
I want to coach divers like Greg Louganis. (= divers who are like Greg)
I want to coach divers, like Greg Louganis. (= Greg coaches divers; I want to do so)
You should walk as she wants you to walk. (= in the same way)
You should walk, as she wants you to walk. (= because she wants)
Students learn to think as their professor does. (= in the same way as their professor thinks)
Students learn to think, as their professor does. (= students and their professor learn to think)
Last but not least,
as is differently used than as__ as__ and more/less__ than__. While using as__ as__ and more/less__ than__ you can omit units, verbs, and even whole clauses from the second term if there is no ambiguity, for example:
I walk as fast as (I walked) when I was younger.Linking arrangements... evolved as fast in the United States as (they did) in most other developed countries.The clothes looked more appealing inside the store than (they did) on the racks outside.Linking arrangements... evolved faster in the United States than (they did) in most other developed countries.But as I already have mentioned, we need a
verb for
as to work as a comparison, thus:
E) Linking arrangements... never evolved in the United States as they did in most other developed countries.